Challenges and Solutions in Load Frequency Control: A Review of Controller Design

Abstract

The Load Frequency Control (LFC) of two area interconnected reheat thermal systems utilising a traditional proportional integral (PI) controller is described in this study. Boiler dynamics, a non-linear generating rate constraint, and a regulator dead band are all integrated into the system. When nonlinearities and boiler dynamics are considered, the traditional PID & P controllers do not produce sufficient control performance. To overcome this issue, a PI Controller has been added to the system. The goal of PI is to quickly return the frequency and tie line power to their nominal values while maintaining a very smooth transition. Time domain simulations are employed to examine the power system's performance. The system's performance is evaluated with a 1% step load perturbation in each component. Area controller error (ACE) minimises the error functions of the specified system and plays a significant role in linked power systems. The effectiveness of the presented WOA-PI controller, the load frequency management on the two-area power system, and the whale optimisation approach PI controller are all proposed in this study.