Journal of Electronic Design Technology (JoEDT) eISSN: 2229-6980 ISSN: 2321- 4228 Click here for complete Editorial Board Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF): 6.047 Journal of Electronic Design Technology (JoEDT) is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Electronic design technologies. It's a triannual journal, started in 2010. Journal DOI no.: 10.37591/JoEDT Readership: Graduate, Postgraduate, Research Scholar, Faculties, Institutions, and in Industries. Indexed in: Google Scholar, Journal TOC, Citefactor, SJIF, , IJI Factor, Indian Science Abstracts, Index Copernicus (ICV: 63.25) Focus and Scope Covers Electronics Circuits Electronics Theory Computer Aided Design (CAD) Analog Electronics Digital Signal Processors Mathematical Methods in Electronics Active Electronics Components Designing of IPv4 & IPv6 Chip Design Methodology and Tools Electronic Circuit Simulation Combinational Circuits, Sequential Circuits, Logic families All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Submission of Paper: All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Manuscripts are invited from academicians, students, research scholars and faculties for publication consideration. Papers are accepted for editorial consideration through email electronics@stmjournals.com or electronics.editor@celnet.in Subject: Electronics Science, Electronics Practice and Electronics Research Abbreviation: JoEDT Frequency: Three issues per year Peer Reviewed Policy Editorial Board Instructions to Authors
Electricity Theft Detection in JSS Boys Hostel
This paper proposes an IoT-based system for real-time detection and prevention of electricity theft. The system integrates energy meters, optocouplers, relays, Arduino Uno, and Node MCU. It monitors energy usage discrepancies and automatically cuts power to users exceeding a predefined threshold. This approach offers real-time theft prevention, automatic disconnection, and seamless integration with existing infrastructure. By leveraging IoT, the system empowers utilities to improve efficiency, reduce losses, and safeguard the grid.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
IoT based Healthcare Monitoring for COVID- Subvariant JN-1
COVID-19 The pandemic has brought attention to how crucial healthcare surveillance is to be controlling and halting the spread of infectious diseases. The introduction of novel variations such as the JN 1 subvariant, there is an urgent need for advanced and efficient monitoring systems to keep track of the virus and its impact on individuals and communities. This is where the Internet of Things (IoT) comes into play, offering a powerful and innovative solution for healthcare monitoring in the face of the pandemic. In the case of the JN 1 subvariant, which is believed to be more transmissible than the original COVID-19 virus, early detection and isolation are crucial in containing its spread. IoT-based healthcare monitoring can play a significant role in this regard by providing real-time data on the spread of the virus. With the help of location tracking and contact tracing, IoT can identify potential hotspots and help authorities take necessary measures to prevent further spread.
A System of Smart Irrigation with Precise Pesticides and Fertilizers Integration in Waterflow
The paper extensively discusses the hardware components essential for the system, including the Arduino Uno microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, water pumps, and dispensers for fertilizers and pesticides. Key IoT components, such as an IoT module (e.g., ESP8266), facilitate data transmission and remote control via a dedicated mobile application. A pivotal aspect of this research is the development of the mobile application, which empowers users to monitor soil moisture levels, control irrigation remotely, and seamlessly manage the release of fertilizers and pesticides, either manually or through automated scheduling. The paper concludes by highlighting the necessity of comprehensive testing, calibration, and documentation, to ensure the system's reliability and robustness in various agricultural settings. Furthermore, future work may involve integrating advanced data analytics for data driven decision-making, incorporating weather forecasting to optimize irrigation schedules, and addressing scalability for larger agricultural operations. In summary, & Smart Irrigation Using IoT with Soil Moisture Sensing and Fertilizer/Pesticide Integration represents a significant step forward in precision agriculture. By optimizing resource allocation, conserving water, and enhancing crop health, the system contributes to the sustainable future of farming practices. The project's potential to evolve and adapt to the needs of modern agriculture highlights its significance in the field of agrotechnology and environmental sustainability.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Machine Learning Algorithms in Simulating Malware Detection Processes
On the information system comprehends, computer virus attacks play a very important role and, by undermining regionally and globally, are considered one of the most critical threats. The traditional malware detection methods, more varied, being based on signature, are incapable of providing sufficient coverage over malicious programs in a short time. This is due to the speed of evolution and growing complexity of malware variants. This situation, in turn, requires the development of sophisticated and variant manipulating detection ways, which must be ready to attack any new development of malware. ML is an attractive alternative and it is possible due to its ability to deduce patterns from complicated signals and because it can adjust to the ever-growing amount of data. The paper is focused on the mathematically oriented approximation of malware detection machine-learning system both quantitative and descriptive. The main target of this study is the performance evaluation and behavioral assessment of the suggested system in the detection and classification of malicious processes of different types. To accomplish this a heterogeneous dataset is used which contains both benign and malicious samples of software and they are employed for the training and evaluation of the ML algorithms. Beyond merely understanding, these models are developed through pattern and anomaly detection, thereby making detection precise. The performance nature of the ML element is accurately assessed against the classic authentication (signature) –based approach and most up-to-date powerful detection tools of advanced malware. A comparative study is inevitably needed to validate the ML approach under traditional solutions that run into problems when a zero-day that is unfamiliar to detection or polymorphic malware is encountered. In a nutshell, the results demonstrate that in comparison with the standard techniques, machine learning-based detection system performs well in terms of accuracy, and detection rates. This advantage in essence illustrates that having such massive datasets is the way forward in malware detection as it offers sleeker and more intelligent defense mechanisms. The investigations in the study demonstrate the fundamental role of machine learning in the development of cybersecurity and proposes its inclusion in cybersecurity strategies due to its high-level information processing abilities and flexibility making it possible to develop a smart malware detection system capable of dealing with the sophisticated and changing threats in the internet.
YOLOv8 in Focus: A Review of its Application in Driver Monitoring Systems
This research presents a novel Driver Monitoring System (DMS) that utilises Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to achieve remarkable results. Specifically, the YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once version 8) detection technique is used. The main goal is to increase road safety by using cutting-edge computer vision techniques to analyse driver behaviour in real-time. The YOLOv8 detection method, a cutting-edge CNN model renowned for its precision and effectiveness in object recognition, is the basis of the DMS. It focuses on using YOLOv8 to do tasks like gaze tracking, gesture detection, and facial recognition, making it possible to seamlessly monitor and interpret a range of driver behaviours. With the use of YOLOv8, the DMS can recognise and monitor important cues including gestures, eye movements, and facial expressions to evaluate the level of driver attention, weariness, and potential distractions. By doing a thorough analysis and assessing the YOLOv8-based DMS's efficacy in various driving situations. The system's capacity to reliably identify and mitigate safety concerns related to driver inattention impairment is exhibited through case studies and performance indicators. Furthermore, it discusses the ethical and regulatory ramifications of integrating the YOLOv8 detection algorithm into the DMS. Recommendations for industry standards compliance and privacy protection are addressed, with a focus on the proper application of this technology in the automobile sector. Overall, by demonstrating the effectiveness of the YOLOv8 detection algorithm in real-time behaviour analysis, this study advances driver monitoring systems. By utilising state-of-the-art CNN technology, the insights offered in this article open the door to safer and more intelligent modes of transportation.
Fake Currency Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks
In today’s world, due to increasing technology like scanning, color printing, and duplicating, the identification of bogus notes by the human eye is almost getting impossible. Knowingly or unknowingly, due to the usage of bogus currency notes, the Indian economy is also being impacted badly. Hence, the identification of bogus currency notes is really important. This paper deals with regard to identifying whether the given sample of the currency note is real or bogus. Previously, there are many methods for the identification of bogus notes eliminating the need for manual feature extraction. Also, the results are not very accurate and hence deep neural networks can be used for the recognition of bogus currency notes. In this paper, the Convolution Neural Network technique is employed for the detection of bogus currency bills. Convolution Neural Network is an architecture that directly learns from the input data and classifies the note, if the note is found to be a bogus note, then immediately a message will be sent indicating the specified location where the bogus notes are being circulated. Hence, the problem of bogus note circulation can be reduced and also help the society not being deceived by fraudsters. The results shows that the training accuracy and validation accuracy of the proposed method are 99.6% and 99.7% respectively
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
Text Line Segmentation for Kannada Language Using Enhanced Horizantol Projection Profile Method
Handwritten character image is taken as dataset for this method. Segmentation is crucial in the Human Character Recognition System for extracting text lines, words, and characters from handwritten Kannada documents. In the proposed system, segmenting text lines, word, characters are done based on enhanced horizantol projection profile approach. The algorithm will be used for finding the height and width of the entire handwritten word The horizontal projection profile approach is evaluated using photographs from a handwritten Kannada manuscript with 100 data set dimension. The system achieved an average segmentation rate of 96.38% on fully unconstrained handwritten Kannada documents.
Implementation and Verification of Dual Port RAM for High-speed Applications
It is important to have an appropriate medium for transmitting data among parallel running processes in multi-processor-based applications. Multi-processor systems are used to handle complex tasks that require a lot of processing power, and they rely on parallel running processes to achieve this. However, one of the major limitations of these systems is the slow transmission of data among parallel running processes. This is due to the fact that in a single port RAM, only a single address from the memory can be accessed at a particular time during each clock pulse. This limitation can significantly reduce the efficiency of the multi-processor system. To overcome this limitation, the use of dual port RAM is recommended. Dual port RAM allows for simultaneous access of different addresses in the memory during each clock pulse, and it also supports the simultaneous access of read or write or both at a time with different addresses in the memory during each clock pulse. This means that multiple processes can access different addresses of the memory at the same time, which leads to faster and more efficient transmission of data among parallel running processes. The usage of dual port RAM is important in multi-processor-based applications as it helps to enhance the efficiency of the system by allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of data among parallel running processes.
Fleet Guard: Advanced Fleet Management and Vehicle Monitoring System
FleetGuard: Advanced Fleet Management and Vehicle Monitoring is a game changing IoT solution, crafted using Flutter in the Dart language, set to revolutionize conventional fleet management practices. It seamlessly integrates software and hardware components, with a primary focus on Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) and GPS sensors. This innovative system offers real-time tire pressure monitoring, predictive maintenance, and driver behavior analysis, emphasizing efficiency and safety, ultimately reducing operational costs, and ensuring reliability. Developed using the efficient and robust Dart language, FleetGuard's software component provides a user-friendly interface for fleet managers and operators. This app seamlessly collects real-time data from TPMS and GPS sensors, ensuring that critical information is readily accessible without delays. The hardware component, featuring TPMS and GPS sensors, is integrated into each vehicle in the fleet, offering real-time tire pressure data and precise geolocation. Proper tire pressure is vital for safety and efficiency, and FleetGuard's TPMS and GPS sensors proactively address these concerns, preventing breakdowns and optimizing vehicle performance. FleetGuard's predictive maintenance capabilities analyze data from TPMS and GPS sensors, including tire pressure, engine diagnostics, and vehicle usage patterns. This data-driven approach enables precise maintenance scheduling, minimizing downtime and reducing costs. Additionally, FleetGuard assesses driver behavior, utilizing GPS sensor data to evaluate aspects like speeding, harsh braking, and idling. By promoting safer and more fuel-efficient driving practices, it enhances safety and lowers operational expenses. The comprehensive approach of FleetGuard, combining real-time TPMS and GPS sensor data with predictive maintenance and driver behavior analysis, results in streamlined operations, reduced downtime, prolonged tire life, and increased safety. These benefits significantly lower operational costs and offer an appealing return on investment for fleet owners. With its wide-ranging applications across industries, FleetGuard is poised to revolutionize fleet management. By reducing costs, improving efficiency, and ensuring reliability, this innovative IoT solution, with its integrated hardware sensors and Dart-powered software app, promises a safer and more cost-effective future for fleet operators.
Data Security System for a Bank using Hybrid Algorithm
A secure security system is critical for a secure banking system. A secure banking system is required to prevent the theft of sensitive data from banks and clients. In today's world, exchanging vital information over the internet is extremely simple and quick. The easier it is to exchange information, the easier it is for the hacker to steal our information .As a result, a strong security system is required. To maintain the customer's confidence in the system and data security, a banking system is currently required to ensure the confidentiality of the customer's data. Bank-based safety mechanisms are made secure by means of cryptographic methods. In RSA and ECC, two keys are generated: a private key and a public key.. It is the most effective data security method for defending the bank from cybercrime. In other words, both public key algorithms create the digital signature standard and its message verification. Furthermore, the Diffie Hellman method is computed to supply the user's keys in a safe manner. In terms of key exchange and mutual authentication, it is clear that ECC has more benefits and is more powerful than RSA. This paper deals with a solid security system using two different asymmetric algorithms namely, Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA, it will enhance data security, and consider the mutual authentication, and key exchange between two untrusted parties. Our system is protected against unwanted access by the use of the encryption methods RSA and ECC.
Since a few years ago, mobile phones have been fantastic tools for communication and everyday use. Therefore, maintaining a mobile phone's battery has become a more important duty. In this project, we created a working prototype for coin-operated mobile battery charging. For all mobile users who might not have access to conventional power banks while travelling or in an emergency, a coin-based mobile charging system offers an alternative solution. Shop owners, members of the public, and public spaces like bus stops and train stations can all utilise this system to charge their mobile devices. Offices, colleges, and commercial buildings can all use this technology. The system as a whole is managed by the prototype's Arduino MEGA microcontroller. The mobile phone will receive the necessary charge through this coin-based charging system, which is accessible on-demand in public spaces. The project also focuses on the system's many applications and how they might be combined to bring greater functionality, sustainability, and dependability to address people's issues with timely phone charging. Future plans for the system include using renewable energy sources to install it in remote locations that frequently face power outages.
Speed controlling of a DC motor is a very important as DC motor is very useful in many industrial applications. The advancement in solid state devices has made DC motor speed regulation easier and smoother. The variation in speed can be easily obtained by the help of PWM technique where the gate pulse monitors the speed. In recent times voice automated systems are becoming very common in our day to day life. The human speech varies in many aspects such as pitch, amplitude and phonetic emphasis from person to person. This makes it difficult to implement a voice automated system but with modern microcontroller unit ATmega328P it is now easy to implement the speech recognized system and by only one command any person can start the motor driver system which rotates the motor. By using this system the direction of rotation of the motor as well as speed of the motor can also be monitored. The voice command from the Aurdino app is received by the HC-05 Bluetooth module, which then transmits it to the ATmega328P microcontroller, which then sends the signal-processed to the motor driving circuit L298N, instructing the MCU. The motor driver circuit rotates the motor accordingly.
Hand-Writing Recognition Using Structural, Statistical Features
One of the very crucial challenges in pattern recognition operations is handwriting recognition, often known as handwritten number recognition. The processing of bank checks, the sorting of postal mail, the entry of data into forms, etc. are all procedures involving number recognition. The ability to create an efficient algorithm that can retrieve handwritten integers submitted by drug users via a scanner, tablet, and other digital gadgets is at the core of the issue. a method for reading handwritten numbers that are based on various machine-learning techniques. The major goal of this research is to provide reliable and efficient methods for handwritten integer recognition. Numerous machines learning techniques, including the Videlicet, Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, Bayes Net, Scikit-Learn, Random Forest, J48, and Random. Using WEKA, trees have been used to recognize integers. This design mostly uses Scikit-Learn to celebrate handwritten integers. The scikit- learn library itself provides a wide variety of datasets for model training. In this design, an integer dataset has been utilized. A portion of the data will be fed into an SVC prophetic model, and the remaining data will be used to confirm the model's performance. It is also seen how the model's delicateness changes when the rate of training and test data changes.
Smart Programmable Energy Meter with Bill Estimation
The idea of a rechargeable electricity energy metre, similar to how we recharge our mobile phones, is a smart one. In this project, we are developing a computerised system using a microcontroller called the 8051 and a GSM module. The project's major goal is to create an energy metre that sends SMS notifications to consumers to let them know exactly how much energy each load is consuming and how much they will be charged. An ordinary electrical energy metre has been used for this project. The front panel's visible blinking LED serves as a direct indicator of power usage. Faster LED blinking pulses are produced as more power is used. In order to calculate the real-time. The microprocessor of the 8051 family receives an interrupt signal whenever the LED blinks, and the programme therein counts the pulses as they occur and presents the reading on the LCD properly interfaced to the microcontroller, which is connected to the microcontroller.
The Method of Electronic Voting on the Basis of Elliptic Curve Cryptography
To improve election efficiency, accessibility and accuracy Electronic Voting Systems which use computers to record and tabulate votes are becoming more popular to modernise voting. The Congressional Research Service states that electronic voting has various advantages over traditional paper voting. Electronic voting has made the voting process more accessible. The advancement of technology is to be regarded for the ease of being able to vote from any location. This has highly benefitted physically challenged individuals and long-distance commuters. The drawbacks of electronic voting cannot be disregarded despite the multiple advantages and increasing popularity. The three major issues are Security, Reliability and Transparency. Integrity and security concerns are raised on the instances of hacking or malfunctioning of voting systems. The integrity and security are the key factor that needs immediate addressing to maintain trust in these systems. Securing electronic voting systems ensures fair, transparent and people – driven elections.
Operative Protection Fortitude for Agip 1x15 MVA, 33/11KV Injection Substation
The Electrical Power System generally consist of the Generation, transmission and distribution and this system require an adequate protection in it layers of operation to help protect electrical loads and equipment from damaging as to ensure healthy and quality power supply in the power system. The fault associated with this substation are short circuits, overloads, phase unbalance/imbalance, poor usage of protection which in turns causes regular trips/damage on equipment at the injection substation, this fault should be taking care of with a backup protection and main protection like impedance relay and differential relay respectively. In this research work: Determination of Effective Protection on Agip 15MVA 33/11KV Injection Substation. Switch Gears has been selected as a measure to cushion regular load damages or equipment failure, which has an adverse effect to the Injection Substation. ETAP SIMULATION was used to simulate the substation/data network to check the short circuit and it response time, at different fault level on bus 1 in figure 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4. The result in 4.4 shows that at 0.025seconds there was a severe fault between line A and line B. The fault was cleared at 0.11seconds using a self-reset relay which reconnect the line upon clearing fault, also the relay coordination at time 0.03sec and current 1.5kA disconnect automatically leaving the rest of the feeder operating healthily which makes the Agip 15mva, 33/11kv injection effective. On this note it will be best fit to protect bus 1 with SF6 circuit breaker cum differential relay that will mitigate the fault from spreading to other parts of the substation equipment through the bus bar.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
Sustainable and Smart Solutions Utilizing Feature Descriptors Analysis
Neighborhood highlight locators and descriptors (hereinafter extractors) play a key part within the cutting-edge computer vision for developing smart solutions. Their scope is to extricate, from any picture, a set of discriminative designs (hereinafter key points) show on a few parts of foundation and/or closer view components of the picture itself. A prerequisite of a wide run of down to earth applications (e.g., vehicle following, individual re-identification) is the plan and advancement of calculations able to identify, recognize and track the same key points inside a video grouping. Savvy cam-eras can procure pictures and recordings of a curiously situation concurring to distinctive natural (e.g., center, iris) and outward (e.g., container, tilt, zoom) parameters. These parameters can make the acknowledgment of a same key point between sequential pictures a difficult assignment when a few basic components such as scale, revolution and interpretation are show. Early disclosure frameworks play a gigantic portion in checking the exponential development of COVID-19 during pandemic period. Several helpful radiography procedures, such as chest X-rays and chest CT channels, are utilized for quick and strong area of coronavirus-induced pneumonia. Highlight location could be a prepare to identify the distinctive highlights of the picture and depicting the picture properties. Revelation and planning are a basic task in various computer vision applications, such as structure-from-motion, picture recuperation, address disclosure, and more. In this course of action, we'll be talking around adjacent high-light area and planning to analyze feature descriptors of BRIEF and ORB algorithms
Library automation is an integral part of the development process of any library or resource center. Traditionally this includes automation of acquisition, serialization, cataloging and circulation. But most libraries do list entries of reading material and display them via OPAC. These libraries have been equally successful in computerized issues and returns. But the real difficulty lies in the automation of acquisition activities. It is forgotten that cataloging begins with acquisition. The article describes step by step how to mechanize the acquisition process using SOUL 3.0 to strengthen library services. Mechanization involves six important steps namely vendor management, budgeting, suggestion, ordering, accession and payment. All components are depicted in detail.
Future of Healthcare: Internet of Things
The main objective of this paper, INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) IN HEALTHCARE, is to provide an overview of the healthcare effects of IoT. Healthcare cannot be used outside this framework due to the increase in the number of IoT solutions. The goal of this research is to outline strategies for developing worldwide connectivity between medical environments and the Internet of Things (IoT). A huge challenge is the need to merge everything (from electrical to data engineers) on a global scale. This movement is the justification for changing the way we perceive healthcare. It also provides the applications of IoT in Healthcare by different researchers in their respective domain.
IoT-Based Smart Automotive Parking System
A billion devices and services can be connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) at any time, anywhere, and with a variety of applications. IoT has recently emerged as a technology. The topic of smart auto parking is one of the most important current research discussion topics on the IoT. Almost a million cars are on the highways of a modern urban city, but there is not enough parking. Also, the majority of modern academics advocate for cloud-based data management. The timely transmission of raw data from dispersed sensors to the parking area through the cloud and subsequent receipt of it once it has been processed may be a problem with this system, though. The Internet of Things (IoT) allows for the connection of a billion devices and services at all times, everywhere, and with a wide range of applications. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a modern technology that has emerged recently. One of the most significant areas of ongoing research in this field is the development of smart auto parking solutions. In a contemporary big city, there are almost a million cars on the roadways, but there is not enough parking. Additionally, the vast majority of contemporary academics support cloud-based data management. However, this system may have issues involving timely raw data transmission from scattered sensors to the parking lot through the cloud and subsequent receipt of it once it has been processed
A Review of Android Application Development
Android applications are now ubiquitous and an essential element of the present and future landscape. With over 2.8 billion active users in over 190 countries and a market share of 75%, the Android Operating System is one of the most popular operating systems in the world. It is a Google-sponsored open-source operating system created by the Open Handset Alliance. It was also founded in 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Samsung, Huawei, and Xiaomi are the top three Android smartphone manufacturers. It's easy to use, has a wide user base, allows for more customization, and many companies produce Android-compatible smartphones. As a result, the market for Android mobile application development is experiencing a boom in demand, necessitating the hiring of skilled developers with the requisite skill set. Android was created with the intention of being a mobile operating system. Because of the expansion of code libraries and its popularity among developers in the divergence sector, Android has become an absolute set of software for all devices such as tablets, wearables, set-top boxes, smart TVs, notebooks, and so on. Google prefers to write Android apps in Kotlin, which was created and is maintained by JetBrains and has been declared as an official language for Android development. Previously, Java was regarded to be the official language for Android development, however Kotlin was declared the official language during Google I/O 2017. Also, when compared to other platforms, it is simpler to publish an Android app on Google Play.
Analysis and Characterization of Circuits for Leakage Power Reduction at Sub-50 nm in CMOS Circuits
This paper analyzes various techniques to decrease leakage power in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits, because due to continuous scaling of CMOS technology there is improvement in speed of semiconductor devices and the side effect of this scaling is leakage power. With the development of technology in CMOS VLSI Circuit, length of transistors has been reduced and speed of operation is increasing simultaneously. As the technology is increasing, transistor length is reducing in the CMOS VLSI circuit. The leakage power has been taken as a major problem as the scaling has been extended into ultra-deep sub-micron technology (UDSM). The reduction in the length of the transistor decreases the threshold voltage, and this causes the sub-threshold current increases. Designing of nanoscale CMOS VLSI circuit and the leakage power reduction are very challenging task. this leakage current should be shrunk for the trouble free operation of the desired circuits. Beforehand for leakage power reduction many methods have been used like leakage feedback technique, sleepy keeper technique, sleep transistor technique, MTCMOS (multi-threshold CMOS), dual sleep approach. As we approach UDSM design then the total chip power consumption depends on the leakage power of the circuit. This paper analysis differentiates the past work for leakage power reduction with proposed work and this paper gives better result which is quite different from the past technology because of the parameters like threshold voltage (Vth), channel width and length. The proposed work has been completed on the sub-50 nm technology file with the tool used is LTspice XVII
Visualizing And Forecasting Stocks Using Single Page Application
In the fields of finance and economics, stock price forecasting is a vital and crucial subject. The stock market is not governed by any significant rules that may be used to anticipate or estimate the price of a stock. In an effort to forecast the price in the stock market, several techniques are employed, including technical analysis, fundamental analysis, time series analysis, statistical analysis, etc. However, none of these techniques has been consistently demonstrated to be an effective prediction tool. We attempt to implement, forecast and analyze stock market prices in this paper. With breakthroughs in the fields of computer and artificial intelligence, neural networks based on machine learning techniques are becoming more effective for stock price prediction and modelling. The relationship between the selected elements and share price is formed using the dash library in Python, which can aid in anticipating accurate outcomes. Despite the fact that the stock market can never be precisely forecasted owing to its unpredictability, the purpose of this project is to use the notion of prediction and analyze data in order to forecast stocks.
A Protective Smart Cap System for Social Distancing and Spreadable Diseases
In the current situation of COVID-19 disease; the aim should be to prevent the spread of the virus to the community. To achieve this, we must ensure that an appropriate social distance from individual to individual is maintained. To ensure that proper social distance is maintained and virus spread is reduced at the individual-to-individual community level, we have proposed the idea of a social distance warning cap. With the help of four ultrasonic sensors placed at four sides of cap we have measured distance to be maintained in 360 degrees. Additionally, a buzzer that alerts the person from a minimal distance is installed. This technique is beneficial since everyone, whether a toddler or an adult, uses caps frequently. To ensure that proper social distance is maintained and virus spread is reduced at the person to person level, we have proposed the idea of a social distance Protective Smart Cap system.
Dim and Fog climate weakens the scene brilliance and causes trouble in distinctive the variety and surface of the scene. A significant stage in de-hazing is the recuperation of the worldwide air-light vector. Customary techniques for the most part decipher the RGB worth of the most splendid district in cloudiness pictures as the air-light. The earlier uses the measurable perception that far off view objects become the most cloudiness, misty because of the pixel acceleration towards the higher force side. The similar assessment on an assortment of murkiness pictures shows that the proposed earlier performs better compared to existing air-light recuperation strategies and can be utilized for ensuing de-hazing applications. We eliminate the dimness in the caught picture and upgrade the picture involving contrast methods in picture handling using Dark Channel Prior (DCP) one of the image processing methods. In python calculation is executed and the calculation will be finished.1this python is also used in many applications as UAV, Machine learning, and Autonomous vehicles.
Energy-efficient and low-complexity linear phase filter design
Digital signal processing (DSP) systems require digital filters as a critical component. DSP is one of the technologies that will have the biggest impact on science, engineering, and technology. For many portable signal processing applications, linear phase FIR filters with high throughput, good energy economy, and low latency are extremely desirable. The trade-off between performance indicators makes it difficult to boost throughput and energy efficiency while lowering low complexity. This study of existing high-performance FIR filter designs is done in this paper. The main goal is to decrease critical path complexity, latency, and delay in order to increase throughput. Cadence is used for performance parameter observation and simulation. An adequate conclusion could be reached by contrasting conventional, linear phase techniques with filter implementations for 16 and 32 tap sizes.
Blockchain-based Electronic Health Record System in India
In existing Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems clinical data is controlled by different medical institutions and different hospitals which leads to difficulties in information sharing. Cloud-based Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems solve the problem of data sharing but these systems have a centralized server which is a huge drawback in terms of interoperability. This paper proposes a blockchain-based Electronic Health Record (EHR) system architecture. This architecture could reinvent the Indian healthcare system and could provide a much more accurate, authentic, and secure system over a decentralized peer-to-peer network. The proposed architecture follows a user-centric approach with interoperability between healthcare providers. The user-centric or patient-centric approach aims for a user to manage their health records across multiple healthcare institutions. The goal of this architecture is to develop a system that helps build a secure, trusted, and interoperable system that helps facilitate sharing of patient data securely. The system will ensure patient privacy protection and guarantee security with respect to the requirement for healthcare data management, including access control to the patient. The system also aims to ease the user's hardships and build a robust and secure architecture. It also aims to build a blockchain for EHRs, which overcomes the disadvantages of traditional EHR systems.
Stock value estimation may be a well-liked and vital topic in money and tutorial studies. Share Market is associate untidy place for predicting since there aren't any vital rules to estimate or predict the value of a share within the share market. Several ways like technical analysis, basic analysis, statistical analysis, and applied mathematics analysis, etc. area unit all want to conceive to predict the value within the share market however none of those ways area unit evidenced as a systematically acceptable prediction tool. During this paper, we are going to conceive to implement, predict and analyze exchange costs. Artificial Neural networks and Machine Learning are terribly effective tools for the implementation of estimating stock costs, returns, and stock modeling. With the assistance of dash library in python, the relation between the chosen factors and share value is developed which may facilitate in estimating correct results. Although, share market will never be foretold thanks to its obscure domain, this paper aims at applying the construct of prediction and analysis of knowledge for estimation.
Design of Voltage Controlled Oscillator using GDPK 90nm CMOS Technology
In the recent decade, there has been a major revolution in communication systems and devices. Many communication devices required a specific frequency which may range from a few Hz to several GHz by source of voltage. Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) plays a major role in today’s modern communication system. Voltage Control Oscillator use as basic building block in communication circuits and major use in phase locked loops circuits. Due to the decrease of the channel length of MOSFET, there is a continuous evolution in voltage control oscillator design to achieved high frequency (GHz) operation at lower technology nodes. An oscillator is an essential part of numerous electronic devices and has large numerous applications for wireless devices. This paper is focused on the design of a voltage control oscillator (VCO) using GDPK 90nm CMOS technology in cadence. Mixed Ring Oscillator required less area compared to Ring Oscillator and LC based Oscillator because it is straight forward design and there is no requirement of any passive component like an inductor. Design of 3 Stage Current Starved Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) has an odd number of cascaded inverters which placed back-to-back and the last inverter stage output is directly fed to the first inverter stage as input.. Voltage Control Oscillator is designed using 90nm CMOS technology with 1.2V power supply voltage. Voltage Control Oscillator output oscillates at a high-frequency range starting from 8.86Ghz to 15.11Ghz by varying a control voltage from 0.3V to 1.2V. The power consumption of the voltage control oscillator is 0.214-milliwatt at 15.61 GHz frequency.
Designing and Testing of various types of SRAM topologies with 90nm Technology
VLSI technology provides a way for designing compact devices which are useful to human for leading their day to day, the advancement in the technology provides high speed and power consuming appliances. In this category, intend to design an application with high data rate and low power, memory efficient device and Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) is structured. Improvement in the technology comprises of scaling down the design process and impact in the noise margin and make it minimum in the proposed SRAM cells. Due to the shrinking of SRAM cell it leads to a power leakage in the circuit which makes losses in the data transition. To overcome this issue, this article intended to concentrate on the power dissipation in the SRAM during transition of data from one state to another state. The objective is solved for the 6T, 7T, 8T and 9T by designing the structure with dual- threshold-voltage at the SRAM designing process. By the proper implementation the power dissipation and overall delay in transition in the cells are analyzed and evaluated. This is implemented in 90nm Generic Process Design Kit (GPDK) using tanner tool Schematic Composer and the Specter as the simulator.
Design of Low Noise Transimpedance Amplifier using Multiple Feedback filter Topology
This study presents the highly linear and low noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA) based on CMOS inverter as an amplifier within multiple feedback (MPFB) filter topology. Absence of complex analog circuitry and compatibility with widespread digital CMOS processes highlight this TIA topology as the best choice in signal conditioning chains approaching analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Special attention has been given to the TIA stability and compensation networks. Using dedicated low-dropout (LDO) regulator, the variations in TIA performance induced by supply noise have been made more robust. Transimpedance and bandwidth programmability is ensured by design of the feedback network. Nominal transimpedance and bandwidth at 65°C are 72 dBΩ and 5 MHz, respectively. Achieved third-order intermodulation distortion is –84 dBc, while input third-order intercept point is 34 dBm. This performance is comparable with state-of-the-art TIA solutions used in optical receivers and communication baseband circuits. Basic CMOS inverters were utilized as intensifiers which saves region, yet challenges soundness of the enhancer. Crossing shaft parting pay network between TIA stages is executed while transfer speed, bending level and clamor execution were kept inside wanted edges. This multiple feedback topology gives highly linear CMOS inverter that can be utilized for excellent signal conditioning circuits and applicable for high linear operations.
Digital Image Authentication on Cloud using QR Code
In these days, many people are using social sites for sharing and uploading their life moments as images. And other users can capture or even download those digital images. Hacker can edit and modifying the original image and make a duplicate image. Modify images can then be uploading and sharing. This research generally discusses the importance of QR with Digital Watermarking. The QR Code based Digital Watermarking is possible in both ways like visible or invisible. There is no limitation of colour, it means any colour can be used. This system will prove the ownership. It can be used as copyright protection. The advantage is to stop fake items. The implementation is done by using very popular technique of transformation i.e., DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform), the experiment is done on variable images and result are also analyse
Blind Image Quality Assessment: An Overview
We have develop an efficient model for improving image quality using IQA and NSS based on blind image Quality Assessment.. This algorithm does computation for the parameters which user expect at output. The certain extracted features approach relies on a simple Bayesian inference model to predict image quality scores. The project features are based on statistic scenes of discrete cosine transform for images. The estimated parameters of the model are utilized to form features that are indicative of perceptual quality.Before calculating the parameters as the bilateral filter is applied, so it gives the processing time of the bilateral filter which may vary depending upon the input provided by the user. So using this model we calculate PSNR, Mean , Standard Deviation and entropy for indication of errors if any while processing.There are many algorithms which are based on no reference picture to calculate image quality such as Visual Information Fidelity (VIF) algorithm, BRISQUE and NIQE.Consequently, if these algorithms are trained on a subset (of all possible) image distortions, then these algorithms are expected to perform well on the distortions they have encountered during processing, or on distortions that affect images in a similar manner to the ones encountered during processing.It is highly required for many application to improve image quality with zero level of error.The algorithm does computation for the parameters which user expect at output. The certain extracted features to predict image quality scores approach depends on a simple Bayesian inference model
Genetic Algorithm Based Simulation for IEEE-30 Bus System Multi-Objective Power Flow Design
In order to control and orchestrate profitable power structures, OPF algorithms are a critical area of research. Perfect Power Flow is utilised to keep objective work to a minimum. This goal restriction might be a single goal or a set of goals. In this work, we used a perfect energy stream to reduce the cost of fuel while meeting constraints such as generator tension and electrical yields, which are used for repression. Other goals may be employed depending on the service provider's desired role and demands. Scholars in the OPF sector have employed a variety of methodologies, including linear programming, non-linear programming, quadratic programming, Newton-based techniques, parametric methods, and internal point methods, in the past to incorporate numerous streamlined structural models. As a hard copy, many approaches for optimising the bleeding edge, such as evolutionary planning, genetic algorithms, and GA algorithms, are offered to address the OPF problem. Although the goals are quite acceptable, the optimization algorithm for particle swarm has been modified in our proposal to save costs. With the notion of quantum measurement and the optimization of speeding coefficients, the adjustments for genetic algorithm optimization are completed. The suggested algorithm is connected to the IEEE-30 Bus Structure. As comparing and contemporary methodologies of the suggested algorithm, the results exhibited unrivalled efficiency
Mathematical Modeling and Design of Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking System for Solar Photovoltaic System for Renewable Energy Applications
This paper investigates the implementation of maximu m point tracking system for grid connected solar photovoltaic system using converters topology including maximu m power point tracking system. The implementation of maximu m point tracking system is realized with the help of incremental conductance method. The implementation is done for cuk converters and sepic converters to investigate the effect of maximu m power point tracking and effect of converter topology with respect to maximu m power point tracking system. The implementation is done on the basis of Simulink tool box of matlab . The analysis has been done on the basis of the parameters of input voltage, output voltage, input current and output current. In order to examine the system's performance, input and output power have been analysed as well.
Design And Analysis On Operation Of Hybrid Micro Grid Using Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence approaches may be used to make engineering problems in a manner comparable to that of the human brain. Smart grid aims include greater integration of dispersed generation, grid stability, dependable power supply, and generation and supply stability. Using Artificial Intelligence methods, the objectives are realized. For microgrid energy management, there are several issues that contribute to its difficulties, including a dearth of inertia required for system stability, unpredictability in DER production, as well as complexity in MG network architecture (AC/DC and hybrid AC/DC MGs). Those issues can be solved with AI techniques, such as DRL, which have proven excellent recently for the resolution of decision-making issues. There is a special focus on DL and DRL in this paper. DL and DRL technologies are discussed, along with the power grid applications. We also examine MG-specific concerns, such as their layered architecture for control, single vs networked structure, and optimisation of topologies. MG operating and control issues are discussed, as well as possible AI solutions.
Appliance Scheduling Optimization For Demand Response Using Schedulling Algorithm
The exploration concentrates on the test of the power utilization the board in keen networks. It centers around various effects of interest reaction running in the savvy matrix connecting with buyers to take part. The principle obligation of the interest reaction framework is planning the activity of machines of customers to accomplish an organization wide advanced execution. Each taking an interest power purchaser, who claims a bunch of home machines, gives the ideal assumption for his/her power utilization situation to the interest reaction framework. It is went with time limits on the adaptability of controllable apparatuses for moving their functional time from top to off top periods. The apparatus booking improvement for request reaction is displayed as a streamlining issue. The enhancement of the booking probabilities is completed as a monetary dispatch issue, which expects to limit the all out network usage cost. This issue has been concentrated widely with regards to miniature networks. Formulating the UC problem for MG utilize a more realistic generators’ model, which comprises startup costs and generators states. Our goal is to determine the generating units’ states during the T timeslots, so as to minimize the total operating costs, while meeting the errands power and timing prerequisites. The MG activity cost, C, is determined from the generators power creation cost and the startup costs. we have introduced a study of as of late distributed examination in the space of DR. We give a broad audit on evaluating signals and AS plans utilized concerning various models. The greatest power cost saving (24 % to 44.1%) was accomplished in6, while 38% decrease in top to average proportion was conceivable in 1. The reproduction results showed that organization pinnacle can be shaved for right around 11 years that benefits utility by not needing any update in their framework.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
IoT BASED SMART TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM
Internet of Things (IoT) is a progressing technology with unimaginable growth, significance and ability. We present the role of Internet in the IoT network and some concepts of Internet of things, which technology is capable to read and sense real time temperature data with help of sensor through internet. We as well describe the concept of MQTT that connects electronics devices to the cloud and we can modify it or read at any time on cloud. It is most important thing that to design a secure IoT system which can’t permit attackers to change their data in the network through any network and also to secure data movement from IoT devices to cloud. We also describe the working of REST API which secure connected devices from the attackers to applications on cloud and users. In this project, all the appliances are connected to a common Bolt Wi-Fi module and act as an interface with sensor data to the user interact. Keywords -AI, IOT, ML, RFID, LED, USB, UART, GPIO, HTTPS, API, TCP
Power losses and Reduction of Power losses In Power System
Now the world's power supply system is a large unit, large grid, high voltage as the main characteristics of the centralized single system. Although the power load of the world's number is powered by such a single large power grid, the demand for quality and safety reliability of energy and power supply is increasing in today's society, and the large power grid cannot meet this requirement because of its own shortcomings. . In the exploration, we proposed a calculation for lessening dynamic and receptive power misfortunes of 34 Bus System. The decrease of misfortunes done utilizing Wind source DG. Newton Rapshon strategy is best methodology as looked at other procedure. The total benefits are achieved up to 1.9617e+04. The responsive power misfortune transport 3 is more as contrast with different transports. Absolute dynamic and receptive power misfortune at 3 transport no is 0.7999 and 0.3566 separately. After apply DG, absolute dynamic and receptive power misfortune at 3 transport no is 0.7699 and 0.35 separately. Absolute misfortune diminishes are 22.22 %. Absolute dynamic and receptive power misfortune at 1 to 34 transports is 0.15841 and 0.1991. Total load benefits achieved is 1.9617
CPU Scheduling Algorithm Round Robin with Dynamic Time Quantum
CPU programming in the operating system is one of the basic factors for determining the performance of the multitasking operating system which makes a computer system more productive by changing the CPU between processes. An operating system manages all operations that continuously and consistently manage the available resources provided by the system in an optimal approach. Process planning is the important operating system functionality for process management. The most popular algorithms are First Come First Serve(FCFS), Priority Based Scheduling, Round Robin(RR) and Shortest Job First(SJF). The performance of the programming algorithms depends on minimizing response times, waiting times, response times, changing the context and optimizing CPU usage. Round Robin (RR) programming is mostly used as CPU programming algorithm in the operating system. The efficiency of a multitasking system that includes Round Robin CPU programming is based on selecting the optimal time. In this article, we study a new CPU programming algorithm, set up as DABRR (Dynamic Average Burst Round Robin) and we also elaborated comparison of DABRR through the static Round Robin algorithm. It takes dynamic quantum time in place of the static quantum time used in RR. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the improvement of the algorithm's statistics in terms of average waiting time, average response time.
Design Simulation of Improvement of Voltage Profile and Loss Minimization by Efficient Placement of Distributed Generation in Grid Connected System
Electricity consumption is rapidly increasing, and the gap between generation and load is widening. The mismatch between demand and load causes a range of problems, including failure, low power, and, in certain cases, blackout. These issues will be solved by including Distributed Generation (DG) into the system. For maximum dependability, technological and economic benefits, and optimal size and capabilities of distributed generators, the proper distribution of power systems, kind of generating equipment, number of units, and so on are critical. Among these concerns, the difficulty of placing DG units in the best location and size is critical. Inadequate DG resource distribution to the power system will result in increased power losses. This problem is solved using genetic algorithms. For the conventional 15 bus radial distribution system, the load flow is generated using the backward forward sweep method. Load flow is used to assess the impact of DG size and location on system losses. Machine losses rise as a result of inappropriate DG allocation. As a result, the genetic algorithm (GA), an evolutionary process, is being researched, and an algorithm is being created to discover the appropriate size and position of the distributed generation unit in a radial distribution system. The overall active power losses are reduced, and the voltage profile is improved due to proper DG allocation. Introduces a multi-objective feature that accounts for active power losses, voltage changes, and DG costs, with each variable given a weight. Voltage limits, active power loss constraints, and DG size limitations all affect objective feature minimization. This method is utilized on the conventional 15 bus radial distribution system.
Virtual Fabrication and Analog Performance of Sub-40nm Bulk MOSFET
Virtual Fabrication of sub-40nm Bulk MOSFET is carried out under channel engineering and source drain engineering process. These structures enable more aggressive device scaling in nano-scale region because of their ability to control short channel effects. How ever during scaling the junction depth should also be scaled down, which increases parasitic resistance so silicidation technique has been applied to reduce their effects on device. Analog performance has been measured in terms of gm, gds ,Av ,fT and fmax .The simulation result predict that gm is 3.75ms for engineered MOSFET as compared to non-engineered MOSFET with gm of 2.9ms for similar gate length, similarly Av for engineered device is 17.5db and for non-engineered device is 6.96db,fT is 146GHz and for non-engineered fT is 65GHz,fmax is 299GHz for engineered device and for non-engineered device fmaxis 170GHz and a comparison of an engineered device is done with a non engineered device to investigate the improved performance of an engineered device as compared to a non engineered device. Silvaco TCAD Tool is used for Virtual fabrication and simulation. ATHENA process simulator is used for virtual fabrication and ATLAS device simulator is used for device characterization.
Performance Analysis of DG FinFET for Ultralow-power Subthreshold Applications
Subthreshold operating region of transistor shows huge potential toward satisfying demand of ultralow power (ULP) consumption from handheld portable devices. However, operating device with such small subthreshold leakage current as a switching current gives huge penalty in their operating frequency. For subthreshold operating region key design goal is to boost the speed of the device. DG FinFET device shows excellent device characteristics in subthreshold operating region. In this paper, 1-bit Full adder cell has been effectively analyzed. Since driving leakage current depends on operating temperature, performance analysis of Full adder is performed at different temperature. Simulation results show that dynamically connected static CMOS Full adder shows 43% advantage in delay over conv. static Full adder cell. DG FinFET-based Full adder cell shows significant advantage in delay as well as switching energy over static CMOS and DT CMOS-based Full adder.
On-Wafer Calibration of Vector Network Analyzer – Fabrication of LRM Calibration Standard
Vector network analyzer or VNA has become ascendant of most measuring networks above 1 GHz. These networks consist of various manufacturing defects (due to resistance, capacitance and inductance) including VNA errors. To measure these errors, VNA was calibrated using a calibration kit. The usage of this calibration kit squanders a lot of time and money; moreover, the results are not accurate. To avoid this, the concept of on-wafer calibration is introduced, wherein calibration patterns are developed on a wafer and hence connected to specially designed RF probes to calibrate VNA.
Design And Implementation Of Audio Steganography On Fpga
As the emergence of latest hacking programs and attention of hackers in hacking more and more data, the need arises to make an integrated circuit that can help hiding the message in such a form that no one can hack it easily. The audio Steganographer is a device or an integrated circuit that facilitates the user to hide a massage in the ongoing digital audio stream. It also ensures the purity of the audio upon playback. The integrated circuit consists of various blocks like Encoder/ Decoder, Encryption/Decryption, Pseudo Random Number generator, Register Control Unit etc. The Report talks on the design aspects of all the listed blocks in detail. The report also discusses the various protocol developed during the design phase. It is obvious that the digital audio stream will definitely be distorted by stegenography. The care has been taken that the audio stream is not damaged to an extent that it cannot be recovered back. The last part of the report discusses the verification of the design. The development of the test bench and the simulation results are also indicated. Keywords: Steganography, PRN, Register Control Logic
Design and Optimization of Nano scale Double Gate SOI-MOSFET for Analog Applications Using SILVACO TCAD
In this paper the structure effect on electrical characteristics of 60-nm double-gate Silicon-on-Insulator Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (DG-SOI-MOSFETs) is explored. These structures enable more aggressive device scaling in nano scale region because of their ability to control short channel effects. Established a scaling theory which gives guidance for the device optimization (Silicon film thickness Tsi (20nm); gate oxide thickness Tox (3nm); buried oxide thickness Tbox (200nm) and gate length LG (60nm). So that maintaining a subthreshold factor, the on/off current ratio, threshold voltage (Vth= 0.5V) and drain induced barrier lowering for a given gate length LG. Analog performance of device has been investigated interns of gm, gds, Av, ft and fmax. All these results have been simulated by using SILVACO TCAD
Design of Metamaterial based Microstrip Patch Antenna for Brain Tumor Detection
To construct a microstrip patch antenna loaded with a metamaterial based patch with partial ground plane. The use of metamaterial in Microstrip Patch Antenna facilitates the enhancement of the performance of antenna and it bring down the antenna size. The structure of the microstrip is simulated at 7.3 GHz with the help of HFSS software. The parameters such as like return loss, VSWR, gain, radiation pattern are calculated. The brain phantom which have six layers is designed to replicate a realistic looking model of a human brain. The designed antenna is simulated on the brain phantom. The variation in the SAR and E-Field in the brain phantom is recorded and helps to detect the tumors in brain.
Micro-Doppler Signatures for Human with Orbbec Sensor
Micro-movements, such as oscillations, rotations or revolution of an object or structures persuade additional frequency modulations on reinstate radar signal, which generates sidebands about the object’s Doppler frequency, called micro-Doppler effect. Human body mechanics consist of various moving body parts, which generate unique micro-Doppler signatures. Using TFT (time frequency transforms and pattern recognition techniques; we can classify individuals based on their movements using micro-Doppler signatures. Preliminary results from a laboratory model of the micro-Doppler radar with carrier frequency of 10 GHz are reported in this paper. The experimental analysis shows that micro-Doppler signatures have great potential for use in human identification applications.Effectiveness of electromagnetic parameters of biological medium on the propagation of electromagnetic waves radiated by an antenna implanted in the human body is under consideration. The problem of illusion, distortion, distraction, on the boundary between the biological medium and the free space is analytically solved taking into account the complex dielectric permittivity of the human body. Constructing the electromagnetic wave propagation through this boundary revealed a high attenuation of the wave radiated by an implanted antenna, which was experimentally observed.
Abstract—India is a developing country and being residence of this developing country we have seen many changes, changes that have pushed us up in the row of modern country. There are many that has helped us to this development one of which is plastic, most of the things in the middle class house are made up of plastic so thanks to plastic, But sorry to plastic at the same time, if we look at the other side of the coin 8.3 billion tons of plastic is produced ot of which 9% get recycled 43% of plastic is used for the packaging purpose which is very harmful to nature. As putting a glance on the modern country Automation is one that helps in it. Automation is combination of mechanics and electronics which has named mechatronics that has been used from past few years for automation. Automation's biggest advantage is very beneficial in all contexts. It brings efficiency, ease management and possibility of multitasking. This prototype provides alternative solution to the ban on plastic bags for the betterment of the environment, as plastic is one of the major reasons for soil pollution. Even after the ban we can see everyone using the plastic bags, and it’s obvious as its been banned without providing any alternative to it .We have alternative like paper bags cloth bags but they are not made easily available as the plastic bags. This cloth bags vending machine takes coin, plastic bottle and e-payment as input and provides the chosen bag/s to the vender.
Designing and Implementing Arduino Based Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot
Fire accidents are very common nowadays ,it causes the loss of life of person or permanent diability. Fire Fighting is very important but dangerous job. Fire Fighters are primarily work on that condition but there is so much risk in that so, It is possible to appoint a robot to continuously observe for fire accident where person can’t do that because of huge riskh. That’s why in such cases Fire Fighting Robot comes in front in picture. This paper shows that how we develop and implement our Fire Fighting Robot. So we design a robot which is capable of detecting extinguishing fire. The development of robot consisting of three elements which is hardware, electronic, and programming. In hardware part we are creating a robotic body which helps to hold water tank .Here we used plastic water tank and for an electronic part we are using DIY Arduino uno which is able to read inputs like light on sensor and turn into an output like activating motor and for programming we are using C language.
Trash Collection and Sanitization Robot (Trashbot)
Today, the world is facing a major garbage crisis and looking at smarter ways for overcoming the garbage assortment problem. This paper focuses on presenting a robot which is capable of collecting and segregating waste into different category. It is one of the innovative concept used in several industries and public areas for collecting waste and makes our place neat and clean [3]. The robot can travel in the predetermined path by using a combination of motors, drivers, and sensors connected to the Raspberry Pi at different levels to detect the obstacle. The trash is picked up using a robotic arm. The picked up trash is then proceeds to be segregated and dumped into a bin attached to the robot. It is necessary to prevent the spread of germs and illness-causing bacteria, particularly in busy environments like schools and offices. For that purpose sanitization sprayer and dispenser based on IR sensor is installed.
Development and Analysis of Load Bank for Steam Power Plant
In the present laboratory experimental set up of steam power plant, the power output is converted to an electrical power source by using a load bank which is used as an electrical load. The purpose of a load bank is to accurately impersonator the operational or “real” load that a power source will see in real application. In the existing scenario, the air heater type load bank has some limitations on the plant set up; that is why there is need to replace and develop a new load bank on the steam power plant, so that it could meet the requirements of the plant with required efficient output. The air-load bank was replaced with the lamp-load bank with required specifications. Previous air load bank had some limitations regarding its heat dissipation and power consumption. So we are going to replace it with lamp load bank and try to increase the efficiency of steam power plant with accurate readings
Scanner and Display Installation on Petrol Engine Test Rig: Review
In this project, we are going to develop a temperature scanner with display. It is a device that measures more than one temperature points or multi-channel. It is actually a multi-channel indicator that measures and displays signals of each channel one-by-one up to last channel and then returns to first channel and continues the process cyclically. This continuous cyclic process of measurement is called scanning. By using a temperature scanner, temperature of multiple points can be measured in a single unit, thus saving cost and space. Thus temperature scanners are also called as multi-point indicators/scanners. Temperature scanners are essentially based on digital technology or microprocessor/microcontroller. It is capable of measuring temperature from resistance temperature sensors like RTD Pt100 or from different types of thermocouples like J, K, R, S, T, B, E and N. In the petrol engine test rig, there is old system of measuring temperatures with the help of thermo couple which is old, unreliable and faulty. Also, electrical noise is another important parameter which affects the system. Due to these parameters, wrong temperatures are displayed which affect calculation of heat balance sheet and thus entire thermal analysis of diesel engine. By installing scanner, more accurate and precise temperature readings will be displayed which will help to analyze thermal efficiency of engine more accurately
Design and Optimization of Solar Chimney for Small Applications
The known resources of fossil fuel in the world are depleting very fast and it is estimated that, by AD 2030, man will have to increasingly depend upon renewable resources of energy. Among various energy alternatives, solar option stands out distinctly with its unique advantage; sun is abundant, inexhaustible source of energy. Abundant power, approximately 1.8×1011 Mega Watt from the sun is available on the earth, which is thousand times greater than the many present energy sources consumption rate for commercial purpose. This study describes a detailed study on “Design and Optimization of Solar Chimney for Small Applications”. This is relatively new way of alternate energy utilization. The solar chimney can be used for running turbine; thus mechanical energy (mechanical output) can be obtained which in turn can yield electrical energy. This study also gives the feasibility of using such turbine with the solar chimney. It is based on heat and mass transfer calculations, analysis of technical feasibility as well as economic viability. The effects of changes in plant specific parameters such as chimney diameter and height, collector area, height of the cover from the collector and its slope, etc. are studied. It is proposed that based on these calculations, optimum values of parameters will be suggested for practical utilization.
Inspection of Objects using Computer Vision
This study is motivated mainly by the need for more efficient and advanced techniques in an inspection of an object because accurate and timely information is needed for any industry to improve their quality and increase the production of goods. The objective of this study is to provide an inexpensive and comprehensive review of defect inspection techniques. Nowadays, new computer vision technologies and image processing technologies have been very important in the improvement and automation of manual processes in technical areas such as industries. In this study, a system that can replace the currently deployed manual inspection procedure by using image processing techniques is studied. Digital image processing is used in many fields, mainly for detection of faulty parts or missing parts. Inspection using digital image processing is the key factor behind all the industrial applications. In this study we have used enhanced ‘Speeded Up Robust Features’ or "SURF" algorithm, our model included counting the features in test image and original image, then matching percentage calculated using a metric of counting the size of inlier matching features towards outlier features. The study mainly deals with analysis to find faulty objects rather than a statistical approach. This study gives us idea that manual inspection technique can be replaced with the proposed idea and hence productivity and accuracy of inspection can be increased.
Design Considerations of Si-NW FET Based Biosensor: A Review
Nano-technology is blooming in all the fields. The use of nano-transistors in bio-sensing applications has enhanced the scope of bio-molecules detection. The traditional chemical detection of bio-molecules leads to later side-affects. In order to overcome this, electronic detection of bio-molecules is much required. Despite its advantages in detection, this technology has not reached its peak because of its design considerations and its constraints. In this study we discuss about various constraints involved in design of Si-NW based biosensor
Design a Rectangular Spiral Microstrip Multi-band Antenna
This paper presents a rectangular spiral microstrip antenna operate in multi-band between the frequency ranges of 0.5–5.0 GHz. The proposed rectangular spiral microstrip antenna will be light weight, flexible, slim and compact unit compare with current antenna used in these bands. The paper also presents the detail steps of designing the rectangular spiral microstrip antenna and at different iteration level. This paper is also present how to increase no of bands and return loss of rectangular spiral microstrip antenna. IE3D software is used to compute the S11, VSWR and Smith chart of the antenna
Characterization of Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) for Broadband Applications: An Overview
This article presents a brief review on realization techniques of broadband spectrum using Dielectric Resonators (DRs). Dielectric materials have attractive features in millimeter (mm) wave regions. In this article, attention has been focused on broadband design techniques using DRAs. The dielectric resonators possessing multi-resonant frequencies have been used for the purpose. These multi-resonant frequencies could be merged together to produce the required broadband spectrum. The primary goal of this review paper is to improve bandwidth, while maintaining the size of the antenna within the limit. A novel technique has been discussed to realize wide bandwidth by single rectangular DRA with three freed techniques. The multi-resonant frequencies’ nature of radiation pattern has been found, which makes the basis of broadband realization.
Advanced Laser Technology for Curing Cancer Affected Melanoma-Cell
In this paper we report the results about the study and experimental usage of a cancer curing laser equipment. Cancer can be detected using laser induced ultrasound .This device could scan a lymph node biopsy with laser pulses, whereby the pigment of melanin which is present in each and every cells reacts to the laser's beam, absorbing the light, and heating and cooling rapidly. This produces a popping sound that's detectable by special sensors. The combination of this powerful detection device with the normal laser curing mechanism used in cancer treatment creates flawless and effective cancer detection and cure system using this new method, pathologists could soon be able to examine an entire biopsy and identify the general area of the node that has cancer, and simultaneously cure it.
Design of a Microstrip Patch Antenna with an Array of Circular SRR Using Left-Handed Metamaterial
In this paper, the design of a patch antenna with a metamaterial composed of circular SRR is proposed. The proposed antenna design is fabricated on FR4 substrate and the experimental results obtained are in good agreement with the simulated results. By using the circular SRR structure the return loss of the conventional patch antenna has been improved from -11.5dB to -18.5dB. influence of metamaterial designed on another layer characteristics of the conventional patch antenna along with a comparison of characteristics of the conventional patch antenna and the patch antenna with metamaterial is shown. By using the metamaterial the return loss of conventional patch antenna is increased from –11.5dB to –19dB. The antenna is simulated by using MOM based IE3D software. The simulated and experimental results are in good agreement
Development of Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Medical Application: A Survey
In early days breast cancer detection is of crucial importance. Microstrip patch antenna, due to its small size, light weight, low profile, and low manufacturing cost, is finding increasing applications in the medical industry. In this survey paper we have discussed briefly some of the antenna’s technical specification and details of its applications in different medical areas. Mainly they are Breast cancer tumor detection, Hyperthermia, Hearing Aid, and Pacemaker for wireless structural health monitoring system.
Edge-detecting Technique to Increase Slew Rate for Differential Amplifier
This paper addresses a very compact low-power class-B buffer amplifier topology for large-size liquid crystal display applications. With enhanced slew rate, Edge-Detecting technique the proposed buffer achieves high-speed driving performance, draws a small quiescent current during static operation. The proposed SRE design is achieved more than 68 times improvements in the slew rate without significant increase of static power dissipation. Post-layout simulations show that the proposed buffer can drive a 20-pF column line load within 1.8-s settling time under a full voltage swing, while drawing only 4.1 A static current from power supply.
Microstrip Planar Broadband Yagi-Uda Antenna for X-Band Communication
In this paper, a planar Yagi-Uda antenna based on classic Yagi-Uda dipole antenna is accessible which is very useful for microwave wireless applications. This antenna provides relatively high gain and more directive radiation pattern at X frequency band with proper impedance matching. This antenna has been developed at supporting dielectric constant of 4.4, supported substrate thickness of 1.6 mm and loss tangent of 0.02. The proposed antenna is completely compatible with microwave circuitry and wireless communication system. This antenna is simulated by using IE3D simulation software. Return loss, smith chart, gain frequency graph also presented.
Design of 6-Bit Two-step Flash ADC for High Speed and Low Power Applications
In this paper, 6-bit two-step Flash ADC operated at the 2 GS/s is designed, with optimized performance for frequency domain applications. To get the best performance, the coarse convertor of 2-bit and the fine convertor of 4-bit are chosen. The comparator design is done with optimum power and area with two power supplies. Intermediate state accuracy increased by thermometer coded current steering DAC. The DNL and INL specifications are chosen to be 0.8 LSB and 0.9 LSB respectively. For a sampling frequency of 2 GS/s, the SFDR is greater than 47 dbc for the signal from dc to 70 MHz and the SNR is greater than 34 dB. The power consumption is only 9.35 mW, and figure of merit equals to 0.146 (pJ/step) at the power supplies of 1.8 V and 0.75 V. The key building blocks like sample and hold circuit, comparator, residue amplifier, current steering DAC are designed. Layout and simulation of functional element at the block level is performed. All the designs are done in 180 nm CMOS technology from UMC Cadence EDA tool suite.
Realization of Fourth Order Multifunction Filters Using Operational Transresistance Amplifier
Design of analog filters, using single Operational Transresistance Amplifier (OTRA) as the active current mode building block, is presented. Five types of filters have been designed namely Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, All pass, and Notch. The order of the proposed filters is four. The theoretical results are verified with PSPICE simulation using 0.5m CMOS process parameters provided by MOSIS (AGILENT). Frequency responses for the presented filters are shown in the paper. The proposed filters offer the following important features: use of single operational transresistance amplifier as active element, low sensitivity, cut off frequency can be adjusted by varying the frequency scaling factor. Simulation results agree well with the theoretical values. Keywords: Analog filters, Fourth Order Voltage Mode Filters, OTRA
Study and Modelling of Id Allocation Scheme for Controller Area Network
Diverse Bus standards are employed in dedicated application field considering the required safety level, data rate and costs. The Controller Area Network is a widely used communication protocol used in automotives. CAN is mostly used in real time safety critical system where the performance of communication is significant. Performance analysis of the CAN is very important and can be done either using hardware or software, using hardware is costly and time consuming. Analysis of performance using software is relatively easy and saves lot of time. This research aims in designing or modelling a bus and block for CAN for analyzing the performance of the CAN bus using the MATLAB® simulink and also compare CAN bus configurations with other dominating bus systems such as FlexRay which is presently used in automotive industry. Keywords: Controller Area Network (CAN), FlexRay, Modelling, MATLAB® , Simulink, Protocol.
X- Band Microstrip Antenna for Radar and Amateur Radio Service
Microstrip antennas and arrays are used as an alternative for the bulky and heavy weight reflector/slotted waveguide array antennas. For radars which demand a low profile, light weight antenna subsystem, the microstrip antennas are an ideal choice. The proposed antenna is designed in the X-band for the radar and missile application. It is a dual band antenna with resonant frequency of 8.5 GHz and 10.132 GHz having return loss 38.59 dB and 45.98 dB.
Design and Analysis of Bootstrap Sample and Hold Circuit
This paper describes the design and implementation of open-loop sample and hold-circuit using bootstrap technique, which can be used as front end sampling circuit for high-speed analog-to-digital converters. Different design criteria, viz., speed, power, resolution, linearity, noise and harmonic analysis have been dealt with. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results are carried out. The bootstrap circuit is designed and then compared in a 0.18 and 0.35 μm CMOS process. It is observed that signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) and effective number of bits (ENOB) are higher for 0.35 µm technology. However, these advantages are at the cost of higher power dissipation. Hence, there exists a trade-off between these performance metrics. Keywords: VLSI, sample and hold, track and hold
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
Implementation of Audio Streaming System Using Bluetooth Standards
Bluetooth is one of the most famous short range wireless communication standards. Almost all modern electronic gadgets available in the market are equipped with Bluetooth support. Analog television or the I-pod or simple radio systems are the devices which are yet not equipped with such facilities. The paper discusses the embedded hardware which enables any analog or digital devices, which are capable of generating analog or digital signals, to send the signals to the audio headset using Bluetooth standards. The system is implemented using ARM’s LPC2148 processor and LMX9838 from TI. The other possible methods for the implementation of the system are also discussed in the paper.
Dynamic Modelling and State-Feedback Control of a Rotational Base Flexible Link Manipulator
In this paper, dynamic modelling of single-link flexible robot manipulator is presented using lumped parameter method in a different approach. Model is simulated using MATLAB/ SIMULINK. State feedback controller is used to control the hub angle and tip deflection. Effectiveness of the controller is shown with different payload. State feedback using pole-placement; work satisfactorily with the change in the feedback gain matrix.
Design of Digital Controller for An Unstable CSTR Process
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) plays a vital role in almost all the chemical industrial processes. CSTR is a highly nonlinear process exhibiting stable and unstable steady state at different regions. Control of the temperature of the CSTR process in the entire operating range is a difficult task. This paper deals with the design of a digital pole placement controller for a jacketed chemical reactor system which is an open loop unstable system due to the effect of scale-up on the steady state and dynamic characteristics. The proposed pole placement digital controller is capable of providing system stability and also provides set point tracking and disturbance rejection. A 1 DOF and 2 DOF digital pole placement controller is designed using the transfer function approach for the specified constraints namely peak overshoot and rise time. The simulation result shows the feasibility of using the proposed controller for control of the unstable CSTR process
Analysis of LSDCCFF at 0.09 µm Technology
The traditional low swing differential conditional capture flip-flop (LSDCCFF) for LC resonant clock distribution network has wide range of applications but has poor power consumption. These characteristics can be improved by using the modified LSDCCFF. This paper presents the design of modified LSDCCFF with less delay and low operating power. The implementation of the circuit is done using LSDCCFF. By using voltage scaling technique, the average power consumption can be reduced. An analysis of the LSDCCFF is presented. The design has been implemented in 0.09 µm technology. The modified LSDCCFF exhibits a D-Q delay of 1.32 ns, and average power consumption of 8.87µw.
Design and Simulation of Micro-cantilever for MEMS Applications
Micro-cantilevers belong to MEMS set of devices and are often used for detection of forces in micromechanical sensors (e.g., pressure sensors and accelerometers) and probe for force sensor to atomic force microscope used as transducers, transport mechanisms, relays, switches, resonators, etc. This paper presents as to how the displacement of micro-cantilever is affected by the load applied to the micro-cantilever. The effect of width change on the displacement of the cantilever is also analyzed. The micro-cantilever is designed using COMSOL Multiphysics and the mathematical analysis of the effect of different loads and width change on the cantilever is done using MATLAB software. The analysis is done for different materials (polysilicon, tungsten and copper). Then the theoretical and simulated results are compared. It has been observed that the value of displacement increases with the increase with applied boundary load and decreases with the increase in the width of the cantilever.
The formidable growth of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) research has raised challenging issues of examining the micro behaviour of proposed protocol and carrying out its performance evaluation. The methodologies to realize this is: mathematical modelling; experimentation and simulation. For WSNs, experimentation has financial constraints and mathematical modelling at times requires deep expertise in mathematics. Thus simulation has become the first choice for research in WSNs. There are several researchers using simulators but there is limited number of simulation studies in the literature. To bridge the gap, this paper discusses the elements of WSN simulation, parameters of an ideal WSN Simulator and briefly describes the most significant simulation frameworks available. The selection of the simulation frameworks is based on their popularity, simulation results published in literature, important characteristics and features.
Implementation of 2nd Order CMOS Gm-C IF Tuning Filter Operating at GSM and FM Band: Wireless System with Monte Carlo Analysis
Designed folded cascode OTA has a 52 dB DC gain and provides a unit gain bandwidth of around 400 MHz. Design of CMOS Gm-C 2nd order biquad filter implementation using OTA, operating at center frequency 70 and 10.6 MHz. The filter can be operated at center frequency of 70 MHz under 1.8 V power supply and is suitable for intermediate frequency (IF) range in most of the wireless systems operating at 900 MHz GSM and at 88–108 MHz FM Keywords: Folded cascode OTA, gm/ID methodology, active filters, S-parameter, smith chart, (OTA-C) filters, GSM, FM
The rapidly increase in the technology in diamond industry makes it possible to cut, shape and polish diamond in the beautiful and artistic manner with less time consumption. But the process is very costly as extensive manpower is required in this technology. The various processes involved in this technology such as cutting into parts, polishing are done by the manpower. Above all the small things like to count the diamond problem is neglected. As the size of the diamond is too small the counting person needs a sharp eye to count with accuracy without any mistake. Thus this process is very much time consuming, as well it may cause eye problem in future to a counting person. Thus our goal of this project invention relates to the problem of counting of a diamond of too small size or to large size. Tools are used in this project are image processing for counting and micro-controller interfaced with displaying the counts of the diamond. The image of diamonds is captured and using matlab in image processing, after the image is processed and the counting of diamond is possible after that the data stored in matlab will given to micro-controller through the interfacing of matlab and micro-controller it will able to be display the number of diamonds counting on the LCD
VLSI Transistor and Interconnect Scaling Overview
In this paper, various types of device and interconnect scaling used for VLSI transistors are mentioned. Advanced device scaling techniques using SOI & FINFET technology are discussed for nano-devices. New technologies adopted at research level are stated here in brief. Keywords: Scaling factor ‘s’, technology or process node, short-channel effects, draininduced barrier lowering, punch through, surface scattering, velocity saturation, impact ionization, hot electrons, SOI, floating body, FinFET, quantum dot cellular automata
Three Stage High Step-up Interleaved Boost Converter with Voltage Multiplier Cell
In this paper, three stage high step-up interleaved boost converter with three voltage multiplier cells (VMCS) and three state switching cells (3SSC) is proposed. Here an interleaved boost converter is used, as a result higher efficiency and reduced input ripple current is obtained. Also, an additional stage of voltage multiplier i.e., three stages is added so that voltage gain will increase. It reduces switching loss and stress through the devices. Moreover, by employing the three-state switching cell, the size of the inductor is reduced because the operating frequency of the inductor is double of the switching frequency. The current share between the active switches allows further reduction of the conduction losses in case of two stage circuit. The new method has been examined under various scenarios such as switching loss, ripples, stress and conduction loss. A detailed comparative study is done between two stage multiplier cell and three stage multiplier cell is made regarding power, efficiency, total stress and losses. The simulation of proposed converter with input voltage of 12 V and output of 115 V was done using MATLAB and the simulation result was validated. Finally, a prototype was built for an input voltage of 12 V, 70 V output voltage and 14 W output power.
FDTD-based Time Domain Analysis of CMOS Gate Driven Interconnects
Accurate time domain analysis of CMOS gate driven interconnects is important for the design and analysis of high performance VLSI systems. Conventionally, CMOS driver is approximated as a constant resistance instead of non-linear and time-varying MOS resistance, which causes inaccurate modeling of CMOS driver. This paper presents a new method for FDTD-based transient analysis of CMOS gate driven interconnect line using a generalized model. The generalized model of CMOS inverter includes non-linear effects such as carrier’s velocity saturation effect of short channel devices, while distributed interconnect RLC model is analyzed using conventional FDTD with second order accuracy. The simulation results of the proposed method are in good agreement with LTspice results and considerable savings in CPU computation time is observed.
Improvement of Design Issues in FinFET based Design Techniques for XOR and XNOR Circuits at 45 nm Technology
The scaling of conventional CMOS circuit inclines to the short channel effect due to leakage current increase in the circuit. To minimize the short channel effect, FINFET can be used in place of conventional CMOS circuits. This paper demonstrates comparative performance study of high speed, low power and low voltage on XOR and XNOR digital circuit. This paper assesses and compares the performance of XOR and XNOR logic circuits. This comparison is based on analysis of various design technique for XOR and XNOR logic circuits. The performances of XOR and XNOR circuits are based on CADANCE VIRTUOSO tool at voltage supply 0.6 voltages and the temperature is 260C and all the simulation results have been generated by Cadence SPECTRE simulator at 45 nm technology. The XOR and XNOR circuits with pass transistor, inverter based design, transmission gate and with feedback transistors designs are desirable for arithmetic circuits. Simulation results reveal low power, delay, power, delay product (PDP), average dynamic power consumption and energy delay product (EDP).
The renewable energy is vital for today’s world as the nonrenewable sources that we are using are going to get exhausted in near future. The solar vehicle is a step in saving these nonrenewable sources of energy. The basic principle of Solar/Electric Powered Hybrid Vehicle (SEPHV) is to use energy that is stored in a battery during and after charging it from a solar panel. The charged batteries are used to drive the motor which serves here as an engine and moves the vehicle in reverse or forward direction. The electrical tapping rheostat is provided to control the motor speed. This avoids excess flow of current when the vehicle is supposed to be stopped suddenly as in normal cars with regards to fuel. This idea, in future, may help to protect our fuels from getting extinguished. This view ignited us to develop SEPHV. This multicharging vehicle can charge itself from both solar and electric power. The vehicle is altered out of a two-wheeler vehicle by replacing its engine with a 48 V brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Supply to the motor is obtained from a battery set of 12 V, 24 AH. The household electric supply of 230 V is reduced with a step-down transformer to 48 V and then it is converted to the DC with a rectifying unit to charge the battery of four solar panels. Each with a rating of 20 Watts are attached to the top of the vehicle to grab the solar energy and is controlled with the help of MCB controller. The SEPHV can be driven by 48 Watt BLDC motor consisting of four 20 Watts photovoltaic (PV) panel in the voltage rating of 18.38 V. The power which is absorbed by the PV panel is stored into the four 24 AH 12 V batteries. When there is absence of sun, electric power supply act as an auxiliary energy source. For controlling speed of the motor, a switch is designed with four tapping, provided with different values of resistance at each tapping. It acts as a speed control switch for SEPHV. This type of technique is developed to reduce the running cost and increase the running efficiency of the vehicle. The performance of SEPHV was found to be satisfactory for the load of four people with the average speed of 40 Km/h. The total cost of the vehicle is 18000 INR.
Breakdown Characteristics of Solid Insulating Materials for High Voltage Applications
Electrical power systems are experiencing significant changes worldwide both in size and in complexities. Rapid growth of the power sector in the nation provides the opportunity to power engineer to design the power equipment which can with stand the high voltage and also provide reliability during their operating life. As the generating capacity of power plants have increased in recent time, application of high voltage has also intensively increased due to their inherent advantages, such as; greater efficiency and cost effectiveness. To overcome the modern energy demand, it's required to develop highly complex and reliable power system from transmission to distribution unit and for that it's very much essential to develop the better quality insulating material. In this work, the breakdown strength of solid insulating materials are obtained with the help of electrode assembly according to IS 2584-1963 and ASTM D149-97a. In this paper simulation of various insulating material are performed by using finite element method and simulation results obtained are compared with the experimental results. Experimental results are also analyzed by using weibull statistics. Results obtained with weibull statistics helps to identify the best insulating material which is efficient and reliable for high voltage applications.
HVDC Low Loss Switching Boost Converter Using Auxilary Circuit
AC supply is available in different frequencies so many problems occur in different etiquettes; like battery charging needs the nonstop DC supply. Because of switching losses(AC to DC converters) are befalls in the converters. A new soft switching boost converter with an aux­iliary or secondary switch and resonant circuit is projected in this work. The resonant circuit is consisted of a resonant inductor Lr, two resonant capacitors Cr1 Cr2, two diodes and an auxiliary switch. This combination of elements makes partial resonant path for main switch perform soft switching at zero voltage. The main ad­vantage of this converter topology is that the auxiliary switch also achieves soft switching by help of resonant circuit. The proposed soft switching boost converter can be applied to various fields such as, HVDC converter station, photovoltaic system, power factor correction, electrical vehicles and so forth. To evaluate the authentication of the circuit MATLAB software can be used to simulate and achieve the real time data.
Designing of Low Power Charge Pump Circuit with Minimum Current Mismatch for High Speed PLL Applications
Charge pump (CP) is one of the necessary block of phase locked circuit (PLL). This paper presents the new design of CP circuit, i.e., cascode current source biased transmission gate based CP circuit. Cascode current mirror, transmission gate switches and unity gain follower amplifier are combined to design the CP circuit in 65 nm technology. The reference current is used to bias the switches of CP circuit so that current mismatch problem in the proposed circuit will be removed. The proposed design is simulated using cadence spectre tool. Simulation results describes that the proposed circuit has a wide output range of 0.44–0.85 V. The supply voltage for proposed design is 1.1 V. The design has low power consumption of nearly 55 µw. Maximum current mismatch in the proposed circuit is nearly 10%. The design has a moderate phase noise, i.e., approximately -105 dBc/Hz at 200 MHz. The performance of the proposed design is compared with existing design available in the literature. Keywords: phase locked loop (PLL), charge pump (CP), charge injection, clock feed through, current matching
PC Cum Android Mobile Based Electrical Appliances Control
This work aims at controlling the electrical appliances through a personal computer (PC) or an android mobile. This system is integrated with the electrical loads and also connected to the PC or an android mobile where centralized control takes place. With this system, one can control the electrical appliances ON/OFF by just being seated at one place using a PC loaded with a graphical user interface (GUI)-based control panel or Real Term and also the loads can be controlled from an android mobile with the help of an android app. The user can switch ON/OFF any appliance by sending the commands to the PC or mobile handset; and as a result of which the PC or mobile handset will send the signal to the microcontroller-based relay board to do the desired task.
Delay Analysis for VLSI Interconnect’s Circuits
This research work has been comprised of three parts. The first part deals with the implementation and estimation for the delay of an inverter and study of the influence of the delay variations with the increased size of the inverter. In this modern era of VLSI integrated circuits, interconnect’s delay majorly influences the device delay. The second phase of the work emphasizes on the realization of the interconnect delay and interprets the change in interconnect delay with the change in the length of the interconnect. It has been observed that the interconnect delay varies quadratically with respect to its length. This causes the interconnect delay to become non-acceptable to be used as global interconnects, as they are quite large in length. The delay can further be reduced (linearized) by inserting inverters or buffer circuit in between the interconnectnet work. The next part is, to realize delay for the interconnect having buffer circuit. This, results in achieving the optimized segment length of the interconnect with minimum delay. Keywords: INVX4, INVX8, INVX16, INVX32, PTM
A Reliable Routing Architecture and Algorithm for Network-on-Chip
The Network-on-Chip (NoC) is Network-version of System-on-Chip (SoC) means that on-chip communication through packet based networks. In NOC topology, routing algorithm and switching are main terminology. The routing algorithm is one of the key factors in NoC architecture. The routing algorithm which defines as the path taken by a packet between the source and the destination. The paper proposes a novel algorithm for a Network-on-Chip, which is based on packet switching. Using square mesh techniques used for 16 nodes based NoC design and simulation. The node is equal to row and column. Paper discusses internal architecture of NoC using addressable memory and simulate on XILINX 14.1 ISE MODELSIM.
Modeling and Performance Analysis of Gallium Arsenide Based P-I-N Solar Cells
Current technology has made a lot of inspection and also facing many difficulties for optimizing a solar cell’s efficiency. Many previous works had been done on p-n junction solar cells to achieve the maximum performance. But a few researches show us that the performance of p-i-n solar cell has not yet reached its optimum level. Thus in this paper we concentrate on an analysis of Gallium Arsenide based p-i-n solar cell and achieve the maximum efficiency of a Gallium Arsenide based p-i-n solar cell. In this paper we ascertain a specific method to virtually design a Gallium Arsenide p-i-n solar cell and analyse its efficiency at different doping concentrations using device simulator. After doing rigorous analysis a maximum efficiency of 17.56 % was achieved for Gallium Arsenide solar cell. In this methodology we have perceived the foremost implementation of the unit cell in several doping concentrations. In this paper a comparison was made on the performance of Gallium Arsenide based p-i-n solar cell and suitable results were achieved. Keywords: fill factor, efficiency, doping, intrinsic
Performance Analysis of 1-Bit Full Adder using GDI and CMOS Logic
The adder is one of the most essential part in math processor, multiplier, and in various scientific applications. Full adder plays important role in multiplier architecture. In this paper a 1-bit full adder using GDI and CMOS logic has been implemented and comparative analysis has been done. The less delay and low power consumption is achieved for this implementation. This paper presents comparison of number of transistors have been used for both logic styles are shown in table. The design of 1-bit full adder has been implemented in TANNER EDA version 15 tool using BPTM 45nm CMOS process technology. Keywords: Full Adder, GDI logic, CMOS technique, 45 nm technology, TANNER EDA, simulation result
A Comparative Study on Carbon Nanotube MOSFET, Silicon Nanowire MOSFET and Single Gate MOSFET
Among many of the concerns for the researchers in nano-electronics, Single Gate MOSFET, Silicon Nanowire MOSFET and Carbon Nanotube MOSFET were very popular three. All of them are different in their structures and performance. This paper is focused on the comparison of their characteristics in terms of Current- voltage relations, Mobility charge density and Quantum capacitance. ‘FETToy’ in ‘nanohub’ was used to simulate the predefined models in room temperature. Drain and Gate control parameters were kept same for all of them. Keywords: Carbon Nanotube MOSFET, Silicon Nanowire MOSFET, Single Gate MOSFET, Quantum capacitance, Mobility charge density
1-Bit Full Adder's Analysis and Comparison
The full adder circuit forms the basis of majority of digital circuits. Improvement in a basic full adder circuit in terms of area, power and delay affect the performance of whole system. It becomes compulsory to investigate and analyze the performance of implementation of full adder circuit in literature, till now. In this paper, a study is carried out to look into performance parameters of full adder circuit using different logic styles. The simulations are carried out on SPICE using 0.25 um technology. Keywords- CMOS Circuit, VLSI, Full adder, Adder
Optimum Circumscribing Circle Division Method for Getting Maximum Fill Factor in Transformer Core
As far as the optimum design of transformer is concerned, researchers generally concentrate on minimizing cost, no load and load losses etc. by choosing K-factor, Flux density, Current density etc. as design variables. But, the design of core has remained an unexplored area. Transformer manufacturing industry uses traditional technique to find out the core design dimensions. However, in that method, the fill factor for the desired number of steps is not maximized. The advantages of maximizing the fill factor includes reduced diameter and hence reduced copper material and associated cost and losses, increased efficiency, etc. In this paper, a new method, referred to as Optimum Circumscribing Circle Division Method (OCCDM), is suggested to maximize the fill factor for the desired number of steps in the transformer core.
Realization of Supporting Device for Afflicted Human Locomotion Using PIC-Microcontroller
Many types of walking aids ranging from very simple one to highly complex ones in operation are widely available presently. The most desirable operating characteristics of such a system will be the one, which exhibits a characteristic similar to that of the human locomotion. The paper explain in detail about the development of the supporting device for two-fold purpose, i.e., supporting device with only locking/unlocking mechanism and supporting device with both locking/unlocking and leg movement driver mechanism. A supporting system for locomotion has been developed both for locking and unlocking situation of knee joint. The hardware used for developing such a system was explained in detail. The flowchart for the software developed on a PIC was also presented.
Design of Microsmart Grid Fuzzy Controlled Model for Sustainable Power Supply in Rural India
India is facing acute shortage of electricity especially in rural sectors due to shrinking of conventional grid supply. The expansion of grid network has become almost standstill due to depletion of raw material (i.e., fuel, coal, etc.) day by day. As a result, the sustainability of utility (grid) power supply to rural houses has become poor. In this paper, a fuzzy control-based microsmart grid model has been proposed and developed for Indian rural society to overcome such constraints by integrating renewable sources like solar, etc., with conventional grid. Attempt has been made to provide good quality 24 × 7 power supply to rural houses for a base load of 300 W with grid power saving up to 50% or more. Sensitivity analysis on varying load profile up to 1 kW on a prototype module has been done and implemented in an Indian village of Jharkhand. Impact study of rural electrification on generation of self/wage employment through vocational literacy classes among potential youth in rural society, has been carried out over a period of one year with encouraging results.
A Hexagonal Sierpinski Gasket Antenna with a Microstrip Feed Line and a Stub for UWB Applications
In this paper a Sierpinski gasket hexagonal antenna is proposed with a feed line having a stub attached to it. Three iterations of the proposed antenna geometry were done and with this improved feeding technique for four resonant bands of operation from 2.86 to 3.3 GHz, 3.758–4.313 GHz, 7.514–8.5468 GHz and 12.352–10.976 GHz were obtained. The antenna is suitable for ultra wideband (UWB) and radiolocation applications. The proposed antenna was designed in CST MWS V10 and it shows a gain of 5.93 dB, 5.95 dB, 4.63 dB and 5.53 dB at the respective four bands of operation.
A Novel Technique for Improvement in Front-to-Back Ratio of MSA for WLAN/WiMAX using Corrugated Dielectric Substrate as a Reflector
In this paper the design of a microstrip antenna (MSA) with corrugated dielectric reflector is proposed to improve the front-to-back ratio (FBR) and reduce the back lobes in radiation pattern of the antenna. The designed antenna operates at 5.8 GHz and simulated on CSTMWS’10 software. Simulation results show that proposed antenna has 21.8 dB higher FBR than that of conventional MSA.
High performance hardware is required to meet the necessities of consumer electronics. Color quantization and image partition are an inevitable part for different applications, and HKMeans is the main algorithm that is used for color quantization and image partition owing to its low cost, less computational time and the hardware area required. The computational time and the hardware area increases as the quantization number increases. Hierarchical K-means or HK-Means is a solution to the above mentioned problem. HK-means offers less computational time and hardware area with quantization number. HK-Means hardware design is done in two steps which include hardware architecture analysis and design of hardware area with high quantization number. Keywords: Quantization methods, hardware design, HK-Means, parallel architectures, pattern recognition
A Novel High Gain Cavity Backed Micro Strip-Fed Circular Triangular Corner Fractal Antenna for UWB Applications
In the current article, a novel micro strip-fed circular triangular corner fractal unidirectional antenna with high gain is proposed for ultra wideband (UWB) applications. This antenna consists of circular patch with triangular slot with three iterations. A prototype of antenna has been designed on FR4 substrate having dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. This reference antenna is then placed in a cavity made up of FR4 having thickness same as that of substrate of antenna. The gain of proposed antenna without cavity is on an average 4.146 dB and when placed in a cavity is 6 dB. There is maximum gain increase by 2.8 dB at 11 GHz using this technique. This proposed circular triangular corner fractal antenna with high gain cavity can be used for UWB system, microwave imaging, precision position system and radar tracking system since it covers a band of frequencies from 3.0481–16.388 GHz.
Effect of Partial Ground Plane on the Microstrip Patch Antenna Performance for Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless sensor networks have a number of tiny nodes. Each node has the ability to communicate with its neighbors. The communication range depends on the type of antenna used. This paper analyzes the performance of microstrip patch antenna which suppresses the surface waves from the edges of the ground-plane of the substrate. The microstrip patch antenna is designed using a substrate of dielectric constant εr = 2.2 and loss tangent equal to 0.0009. The thickness of the substrate is 1.575 mm. The feed used in the design is Inset-fed microstrip feed. The frequency of interest is 2.45 GHz. Initially Inset-fed microstrip patch antenna is designed for plane ground-plane. The results obtained for plane ground-plane are compared with those of a partial ground-plane. It has been observed that for plane ground-plane, the antenna resonates away from the resonant frequency but for partial ground-plane the antenna resonates at resonant frequency 2.45 GHz. The antenna with partial ground-plane has better performance than the antenna with plane ground-plane. For Inset-fed microstrip patch antenna, the efficiency is 86.457%, impedance is 32.007 + j.10352, return loss is −13.171 dB and VSWR is 1.5624. The designed antenna has efficiency equal to 90.7325%, VSWR is 1.03007 and return loss is −36.5875 dB, impedance is 48.891 + j0.9567 at the resonant frequency.
Implementation of Sense Amplifier-based D Flip-Flop using 0.25 µm and 0.18 µm Technology
The traditional flip-flops and latches suffer from the large delays and the race conditions. This paper describes a new approach to the D flip-flop design using the sense amplifier. The previous efforts in the same direction made at the 0.25 µm technology exhibit improvements in clock-to-output delay and power dissipation with respect to recently proposed high-speed flip-flops. The paper discusses the flip-flop at 0.18 µm technology. The output latch of the proposed circuit can be considered as a hybrid solution between the standard NAND-based SR latch and the N-C2MOS approach. The present technology exhibits improvements in clock-to-output delay and power dissipation with respect to recently proposed high-speed flip-flops.
Performance Evaluation of First and Second-order Incremental A/D Converters
This paper presents the design of first and second-order incremental analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The characteristics of converters are extremely wide from Giga samples to a few samples per second for bandwidth and resolution variation from a few bits to more than 20 bits. Delta sigma converters are most commonly used high-resolution A/D converters. In instrumentation and measurement applications, the continuous operation, the large offset and inaccurate gain of delta-sigma does not satisfy the specifications. The incremental converters are also based on delta-sigma architecture but work in transient mode are more adapted.
Text-To-Speech (TTS) Conversion System for Gujarati Language
Text-to-speech (TTS) conversion system enables user to enter text in Gujarati language and as an output it generates the equivalent sound. This type of system will be greatly useful for illiterate and vision-impaired people to hear and understand the content. TTS systems are still suffering from the problem of producing emotional speech like that of human being. Scientists are trying to give emotions and feelings to it. This shows that research work can be done to enhance the efficiency of TTS system. There are TTS systems that are under development for many languages other than Gujarati language. So, we are proposing the TTS system, which will work on Gujarati language. The input of our desired system is typed or scanned Gujarati text and equivalent Gujarati speech with smooth flow will be generated as an output. We are trying to add a new feature through which we can hear our own voice by superimposing our own voice frequency on the pre-recorded synthesized speech, so that we can listen to any text in our own voice. This paper starts with the introduction to the fundamental concepts of TTS synthesis. So, it will be useful for the readers who are less familiar in this area of research.
This paper presents the work on the automatic headlight level detector system. The basic concept is to be able to devise a mechanism which automates the verification of headlight’s working, i.e., to check whether the headlight beam is able to cover the required angle. The paper presents the three major stages of the work: making the hardware which includes designing the circuit by soldering the components, and making the board from aluminum sheet. The second stage is the software level which includes coding of the PIC18F4520 microcontroller and the third stage includes the final implementation of the project by flashing the headlight beam on the light-dependent resistance sensors (LDRs) and obtaining the desired results.
Indicating Human Activity Intensity using Accelerometer
In this paper, we propose to develop a system that senses the human activity and indicates the intensity of action performed. Intention is to broadly classify human as inactive, underactive, overactive and hyperactive by simply turning on the LED of the system corresponding to the data received on the controller from ADXL345. The focus is on the fact that energy expenditure is related to the sum of integral of values of each axes of a tri-axial accelerometer. The objective is to know the activity intensity in terms of comparison and not as exact value. This simplifies our approach and also reduces the cumbersome algorithms used in Human activity recognition (HAR) based energy calculating systems. Indication of activeness and inactiveness of an individual is a multidisciplinary field finding application in more ways than one.
Electronics Engineering with Green Features
The present paper reviewed about the concept of green technology and its various aspects. It also gives the bird’s eye view on recent survey of green electronics carried out by the Greenpeace International, the Netherlands. The dominant electronic waste i.e. Printed Circuit Board in electronics field has been discussed and its recycling methods are reviewed to mitigate the harmful impact on environment.
Design of Multifunction Stethoscope with Auto Gastrointestinal Wriggle Detector
As the acoustic stethoscopes can't compete with the magnified sound quality so the digital stethoscopes provides even better identification of conditions. The objective of this work is to design a digital stethoscope with multifunction modes, which provides sound analysis for different body signals acquired from heart, lungs and abdomen. Using this system a doctor can not only analyze the sounds but also identify the gastrointestinal wriggling occurrence in the human body by evaluation of bowel-sounds. The bowel sounds monitoring plays an important role to know when the patient can begin to take food, especially for those patients who just underwent a major operation after general anesthesia, where the gastro intestine recovery would take several hours. In this system, the digital stethoscope is designed with different filter arrays for different body sounds analysis modes with microcontroller unit to control it
Design of EMG based Control System for Prosthetic Arm
Prosthesis, field of bio-mechatronics, is an artificial extension used to replace the function or appearance of a missing limb or lost body part due to injury (traumatic), to correct congenital deficiencies or to supplement defective body parts. A myoelectrically controlled prosthesis detects muscle contractions using electrodes and this electrical activity acts as a signal to activate the prosthesis. In the presented work, the EMG signal is acquired using surface electrodes placed on the muscles. The acquired signal is then processed using Signal Conditioning Unit in order to amplify, filter and buffer. The EMG signal is very noisy and the noise components are of high frequency (more than 200 Hz of few mv). A low pass, 2nd order Butterworth filter of 100 Hz is used to extract the EMG signal from the human muscle. The filtered output is buffered using the unit gain operational amplifier configuration. The final output signal is converted to a digital signal using 16-bit serial ADC. Once the EMG signal is available in digital form, the same can be utilized to control the robotic arm or in any application
A New Multiband Square Patch Antenna with Sierpinski Gasket Slot and Fractal Koch Loop at Ground
This paper presents a multiband square patch antenna with Sierpinski gasket slot on top surface of substrate and fractal Koch loop at ground. This antenna has been designed to operate at 0 to 3 GHz frequency range and operates at five different resonant frequencies. The Koch loop at ground surface provides irregularities in current distribution; this affects the radiation property of the antenna.
A Multiband Microstrip-fed Slot Antenna for ITS/WLAN/WiMAX & IEEE 802.11a Application
A microstrip-fed slot antenna for multiband operation is proposed. The antenna is printed on silicon substrate with thickness of 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 11.9. A simple 50Ω microstrip line is used to excite the antenna. Small rectangular slots are fabricated on substrate to achieve multiband operation of 2.34–2.44, 3.73–3.77, 3.97–4.05, 4.59–4.79, 5.14–5.26, 5.49–5.57, 5.71–5.8 and 5.86–5.95 for lS1 1l ≤ −10dB. The designing has been done in IE3D software which is an EM solver and works on the principle of moments of method.
Compact Microstrip Band-pass Filter Using Open-loop Square Shaped DGS
This paper presents to implement a compact microstrip band-pass filter with open-loop square dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). This filter is designed at 2.1 GHz center frequency. The prototype filter is with defected ground structure to provide higher order quasi-elliptic filtering and it reports the return loss of 39 dB with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 880 MHz. The bandwidth of the band-pass filter can be easily controlled by adjusting open-end locations along with the two loops of the DGS unit. This filter is simulated with method of moments (MOM)-based IE3D simulation software
Compact Pseudo-interdigital Bandpass Filter for L-Frequency Band
In this paper, a different kind of microstrip bandpass filter is presented which is small in size and easy in fabrication. This microstrip filter is pseudo-interdigital bandpass filter at the operating mid-band frequency of 1.75 Ghz, which is in L-frequency band (1–2 Ghz). Unlike the conventional interdigital bandpass filters, in which we use short circuit connection by a via hole, this filter is simple and compact and its design is easy to fabricate without any compulsion. The simulation results are presented on IE3D software
Roll-off Improvement of Open-circuited Stub Bandstop Filter
This paper presents an alternative implementation of a shunt open-circuited stub bandstop filter for microwave circuit. By making use of the proposed implementation, a simple and compact bandstop filter with distinct bandstop characteristics is designed at 1.25 cutoff frequency and FBW of 1.2. This paper also focuses on how to increase the roll-off of bandstop filter by increasing the number of the shunt stub. A shunt open-circuited stub is the simplest band stop structure for microwave circuit design, and roll-off is a term commonly used to describe the steepness of a transmission function with frequency.
Power quality has a vital role lately because of the impact on electricity suppliers, equipment manufacturers and customers. Power quality is described as the variation of current, voltage and frequency in a power system. It mentions to an extensive type of electromagnetic (EMI) phenomena, which describes the current and voltage at a given time and at a given locality in the power system. Currently, there are several industries exploiting technology for processing units and manufacturing. This technology needs higher quality and consistency of power supply device. The industries like equipment of manufacturing units, semiconductors, computers, etc. are very sensitive to the changes of quality in power supply. Power quality (PQ) difficulties encompass an extensive range of disturbances network such as impulse transient, voltage, harmonics distortion, sags/swells, flicker, and interruptions. Voltage swells/sags can happen mainly than dissimilar PQ phenomenon. These voltage swells/sags are essentially the most undesired power problems in the vigor distribution network. The objective and scope of this paper is the study of power quality (PQ) occurrence in distribution systems.
Fuel Cell Power Conditioning for Low Power Applications
Fuel Cells are the important building blocks of hydrogen-based applications. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCs) are useful for ambient temperature operating conditions. Fuel Cells cannot be interfaced to loads directly owing to many sources of power losses. Power Conditioning and Interface are equally important for driving loads using Fuel Cell generated power. Paper discusses the requirements of power conditioning, types of DC–DC converters, Experimental work performed on DC–DC converter using BJT, IGBT, Voltage Doubler IC and DC–DC converter ICs. The results have indicated promise of interfacing circuits for fuel cell based applications.
Comparative Studies of Three MPPT Strategies for Solar PV System
The solar power technology is one of the most predominant technologies that serve as a major source of power supply. But, its initial cost is too high and its lesser efficiency has not made its use very attractive as an alternate. Hence, it is quite critical to use maximum power available from the solar PV panel and operate it at its highest energy conversion output. For this, the solar PV system has to function at the highest power output point. MPPT technique is used to make the system operate at MPP. The work proposed here compares the performance of fuzzy logic (FL) control method developed, with that of two other MPPT methods presently used by solar PV system and upholds which MPPT technique has better performance among them. Firstly, a MATLAB based PV array us developed. Then, three MPPT methods (Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance method and fuzzy logic method) are applied on the PV array model under constant insolation condition. Relative comparison of the performance of these three techniques showed that FL based control method developed is relatively superior and effective for MPPT.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Thermal Control Mechanism in Small Scale Poultry Farm
Improvements to poultry housing systems need to focus on providing an environment that satisfies the bird’s thermal requirements in brooding and rearing duration. Newly hatched birds have a poor ability to control body temperature, and require some form of supplementary heating, particularly in the first few days after hatch, particularly in too cold and too hot weather. This paper presents the design of automatic thermal control mechanism in small-scale poultry farm to make sure chicken grows in required healthy manner and farmers suffer minimal loss due to young bird deaths and get maximum profit. This is achieved using temperature sensors, lamp, radiant heater, fan and cooler in conjunction with 89C51 microcontroller. Hourly based status of indoor temperature is updated through GSM module. An especial emergency alarm system with separate battery is also incorporated in the system to handle the worst case scenario.
A DC-DC Boost Converter for Energy Harvesting
Energy harvesting is an emerging technology used for wireless remote and local devices. For powering these devices such as wireless nodes battery is required which demands replacement after discharging. Energy harvesting technique helps in developing battery-free operation for these devices. To do so we need power management system which itself is power efficient. These power management systems may use many technologies but one of them is DC-DC boost converter using energy or power generated by a thermoelectric generator or a solar energy. In this paper, we design the boost converter, which provides the constant DC voltage of 4 V at the input of the 500 mV.
In days gone by the petrol level measurement is done by analog meters. It consists of determining the quantity of petrol in the tank at different levels but not accurately. This paper is aimed to design a system to monitor and display the petrol level by using Ultra sonic sensor and a controller. Two different tanks shapes Square, Cylindrical are chosen for the design and measurement purpose. The controller performs the specified task, i.e., displaying the petrol level and the distance vehicle can travel. Vehicles like motorcycles, cars, buses and trucks and equipment such as compressors, generators needs a means of refueling so that it can run to the destination as efficiently as possible. If the equipment is built in with the digital petrol indicator to know how much fuel is left over to reach the destination, and also to know how much fuel to be stored for the safe and secure journey. Keywords: Distance, Fuel Indicator, Microcontroller, Round trip time, Ultrasonic sensor, Zigbee
Reconfigurable Industrial WSN in IoT Environment with Smart Sensor Interface Using FPGA
IEEE1451 is set of standards developed by IEEE for connecting transducers to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, or control networks. These standards define TEDs for each transducer connected to system. TED stores transducer related information in memory like EEPROM. Wireless sensor network is network of distributed sensors that monitor environmental parameters and cooperatively pass data to main location through network. IEEE1451 defines standards for connecting actuators to processor in WSN. Internet of things defines the network of objects surrounded by sensors, electronics, software, and network capable processors. Wireless sensor network works at physical layer of IoT. Sensor interface device is required to collect sensor data in internet of things. Traditional sensor interface device are not truly parallel in sensor data acquisition. In this design, FPGA is adopted as a sensor interface device with corresponding IEEE1451 protocols
Simulation of Z-Source Inverter for Photovoltaic Cell Applications
Our project is about the implementation of z-source inverter for solving shading problem. The application of photovoltaic cell normally faces the shading problem of solar light, so that it leads to inconsistent power generation and low system efficiency. Z-source inverter overcomes the conceptual and theoretical barriers and limitations of the traditional voltage source converter (abbreviated as V-source converter) and current source converter (abbreviated as I-source converter). The z-source concept can be applied to all DC-to-AC, AC-to-DC, AC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC power conversion. The z-source inverter employs unique LC network to couple the inverter main circuit. The z-source inverter provides both voltage buck and boost capabilities, which cannot be achieved with conventional voltage source and current source inverter.
Implementation of FSO Link for Full Duplex Short Range Communication
Extensive data transfer is a need of all modern communicating devices. Wired communication requires lots of bulky wires to be laid everywhere. To setup a small ad hoc network, it is not advisable to lay down long wires. Other than requirement of wires, one also needs very good communication speed to withstand the need of very high bandwidth for multimedia data transfer. A communication link that satisfies both the requirements is free space optical (FSO) communication. The paper aimed the setup of FSO link that is capable of carrying full duplex data at more than 100 kbps speed and can also transfer real-time audio data. Three transceiver modules are designed for communication purpose. The link is first simulated using Optsim tool and then implemented using standard microprocessors. The link is reliable and can achieve the BER of 10–7. The setup is tested for stored images, videos and real-time audio data.
An Energy Stored Quasi Z-Source Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
In the world today, there is a huge demand of power, although we have sufficient energy generation technique, renewable energy power generation plays a major role, like solar. This paper is about the control technique, which includes ES-QZSI combined with CMI and energy storage in order to get constant output power without fluctuation from the solar panel. Combines cascaded multilevel inverter and quasi Z-source inverter. Battery is used to balance the fluctuations of photovoltaic systems and achieve high voltage/high power. Solar power presents the intermittent and unscheduled characteristics, so energy storage is always added in PV system to get a smooth power. Energy stored QZSI (ES-QZSI) has already been proposed for PV system application. If combining the ES-QZSI with the CMI together, the ES-QZS-CMI based PV system will inherit all the merits of the energy storage and QZS-CMI based PV system. Moreover, comparing to the QZS-CMI based PV system, the new system can send the balanced power to the grid, and at the same time each module ensures separate MPPT to collect maximum solar power
Development of a Robot for Identifying a Unique Object
Identifying unique object and separating it from other objects is a major task in most industries. The objects can be separated based on colour and shape parameters. In this paper a robot is designed and tested to identify unique object based on shape in a given specified region. It assumed that the object may be a cube or a sphere. A unique object identified will have either different colour or different shape when compared to the remaining object. The robot keeps moving in a specified region, when an obstacle is detected it stops and captures an image through camera, which is mounted on robot. This captured image is given to Beagleboard where it performs image processing task to identify type of object. The Beagleboard used to perform image processing task comes with ARM@ CortexTM-A8 processor with 512 MB memory and low-power DDR RAM. The robot takes less than 10 ms of time to identify an object.
Outage Probability of TAS/MRC Systems over Nakagami-m Fading Channels with Correlation
This paper analyzes the outage probability of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmit antenna selection with a maximal ratio combining (TAS/MRC) system considering equal and exponential correlation among the input branches of MRC receiver. In TAS/MRC system the transmitter selects the best antenna out of the total transmit antennas based on the channel state information (CSI) of each user. A closed form expression has been derived for outage probability considering Nakagami-m fading channels. Also, effect of correlation on the outage probability has been studied. It has been observed that outage performance degrades with increase in correlation for both the cases.
Novel Approach for Automated Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Automated and early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy is a crucial need. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the major cause of blindness among people. DR is a progressive disease classified according to the presence of various clinical abnormalities. It doesn’t have any visible symptoms till the disease is at late stage. Therefore, it necessary to detect DR at early stage and to ensure proper treatment. For early detection of DR, different automated diagnosis systems have been designed. A number of studies have investigated DR and this paper presents novel approach for automated diagnosis of DR which is implemented with the help of contour detection algorithm in OpenCV and Raspberry Pi used as hardware.
Maximum Power Point Tracking for Solar PV System
There is an ever increasing demand for energy in today's world. The photovoltaic (PV) systems are the suitable options for satisfying an ever increasing need for energy and thus are being used widely around the globe. Some special methods are required for extracting the maximum available power out of PV systems because they are nonlinear in nature. The nonlinear characteristic of the IV curve of PV module has a unique single point of maximum power. Electronic converters are required to work at that power point. These power electronic converters are controlled with the help of algorithms known as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques. Various unique algorithms are found in the literature with their specific pros and cons. By keeping in mind that an efficient tracking of Maximum Power Point (MPP) can increase the use of a PV system by many times, in this paper we presented a comparison of widely used MPPT techniques such as, i) Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC), ii) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV), iii) Perturb & Observe (P&O), and iv) Incremental Conductance (IC) MPPTs etc. The comparative analysis provides the advantages and disadvantages of each MPPT with a resistive load.
A Suboptimal Nonlinear Duty-cycle Modulation Scheme
The DCM (duty-cycle modulation) technique is increasingly used in industrial electronics applications, including instrumentation systems, interfacing drivers and signal transmission chains. However, in existing research works related to new applications of DCM technique, the linear approximation policy is used for the sake of structural simplicity and low implementation cost, at the expends of rigorous analysis and low approximation errors. In this paper, a suboptimal nonlinear DCM scheme is developed. It is founded on a global least square cubic fitting model of the intractable original nonlinear duty-cycle structure. The simpler nonlinear demodulation model obtained consists of a single linear low-pass filter, which is connected in series to a static amplifier with cubic input-output characteristic. The novelty of this paper results from a suboptimal tradeoff, between a simplified model of the DCM scheme and the mean square approximation error. The virtual simulation results obtained under a variety of modulating inputs with arbitrary waveforms have shown the effectiveness of the proposed suboptimal DCM architecture. Compared to a linear approximation technique, the suboptimal cubic scheme provides higher performances, including SSE (statistics sum of error), MSE (mean square error), THD (total harmonics distortions), SINAD (signal-to-noise distortion ratio), and SFDR (spurious free dynamic range). Therefore, the proposed suboptimal DCM architecture might be used to solve a variety of signal processing problems in industrial electronics.
Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Al 8011 Reinforced with Micro B4C/Red Mud by Stir Casting Method
Aluminium metal matrix composites are emerging as the most versatile material for unique automotive, aviation, aerospace, defense, marine applications and other structural applications due to their excellent mixture of properties. In the present investigation, a hybrid composite of Al8011 aluminium alloy reinforced with B4C and red mud was fabricated by stir casting method. Red mud is one of the major waste material extracted from the bauxite ore of alumina during Bayer’s process. Red mud is considered as a dangerous material according to the brazillian standard NBR 10004/2004, which is being worked under room condition as a reinforcement with aluminium metal matrix. The samples were casted by varying the proportions in weight percentage by stir casting route. The samples are subjected to tensile, compression, hardness test and its micro structures observed
Library and Auditorium Electrical Appliances Automation
Wireless technologies are used in consumer applications for quite a long while. On the other hand, the operation of radio based communication frameworks in mechanization of applications was viewed as dubious for long time. Basically, the exceptionally fluctuating nature of remote transmission channels, contrasted with wired ones, was responsible for this fact. The use of wireless technology in industrial automation systems offers a number of potential benefits, from the obvious cost reduction brought about by the elimination of wiring to the availability of better plant information, improved productivity and better asset management. It is always difficult in a place like library and auditorium, where we need to monitor the status of the electrical appliances. The aim of this paper is to introduce a wireless automation which is more cost efficient and easy to handle. Because of the progression of wireless innovations, such as, GSM, WIFI, ZIGBEE, and Bluetooth, each of the innovation has its own particular exceptional specifications and applications. Among the four prominent wireless associations that are frequently executed in this work, Bluetooth is being picked with its suitable capability. Bluetooth with all around accessible frequencies of 2400 Hz has the ability to provide network up to 100 m at pace of up to 3 Mbps contingent upon the Bluetooth gadget class. Likewise, a Bluetooth master gadget has the capacity join up to seven gadgets in a Piconet. The abilities of Bluetooth are all that could possibly be needed to be executed in the design outline. Additionally, a large portion of the present tablet/laptop or mobile phones have built in Bluetooth connector. It will in a roundabout way reduce the cost of this framework. Keywords: Automation, Bluetooth, electrical appliances, library, microcontroller
FPGA-based Multichannel Digital Duty-Cycle Modulation and Application to Simultaneous Generation of Analog Signals
The DCM (duty-cycle modulation) is used in industrial electronics as a special technique for producing switching time-varying periodic waves, with variable pulse width and modulation period. As an implication, unlike the fixed period of a PWM wave, the cyclic ratio of a DCM signal changes as a function of the modulating input according to a known function. However, most existing research works related to DCM-based instrumentation systems, are limited to single-channel contexts. In this paper, a multichannel DDCM (Digital Duty-Cycle Modulation) scheme is developed. It consists of an extended pre-computed DDCM data map, which significantly reduces the overall DSP (digital signal processing) time, and a piece of dual DDCM counting logic with a downstream zero order holder per analog channel. It is used to build a well tested 4-channel FPGA-based signal generator with 10–12 bits resolution.
Effect on Temperature and Efficiency on Photovoltaic Module of PV/T System with Water Based Optical Filter
Solar radiation has ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiations, in which infrared and ultra-violet part of the solar radiation are mainly responsible for the heating of solar cell. This decreases the efficiency of the solar cell by –0.3 to –0.5% K-1. When we increase the concentration on the solar cell then the heat becomes more prominent and causes the damage of the solar cell, and also decreases the efficiency of solar cell. In water based optical filter PV/T systems, the infrared and ultraviolet part of the solar radiation is filtered out and allows only visible part and some part of infrared, which are suitable for the solar cell according to spectral response of the solar cell used. By this approach, we can increase the overall efficiency of the PV/T system by utilizing heat part of the solar radiation as well. In this paper, comparative study has been done for the solar cell with optical filter and without optical filter in same concentration ratio with the V-trough concentrator. Temperature of the solar photovoltaic module without filter is higher than with the filter. So, PV/T system is more reliable than single photovoltaic or thermal system. It also enhances the overall efficiency of the PV/T system
Hybrid Solar PV–Wind Energy System: A Performance Study
The solar PV and, wind energy hybrid technology is based on the concept of a modular, scalable, distributed renewable energy system designed and optimized for on and off grid installations. This kind of system is fully integrated hybrid system that combines wind energy units with PV technology in a compact footprint, creating the greatest energy generation density. The hybrid concept is unique and disruptive, seamlessly utilizing wind and solar energy generation in a single unit, leveraging smart electronics, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), installation costs, inverters, and batteries. The advantages of a hybrid arrangement are the increase of the expansion of force accessible per square foot, and consolidating both, wind and sun based renewable assets. In any case, the most essential variable is that the energy accessibility of both solar and wind are complimentary, on an everyday scale, as well as through climate frameworks, and even occasionally. In this paper, a Savonius style turbine has been decided for its low running velocity and relative obtuseness to turbulence, ordinarily found on housetops. Made of galvanized metal, this type of system easily withstands extreme temperatures as well as harsh UV rays. The turbines incorporate a mechanical braking system to protect them from over rotation and the on-board electronics have temperature sensors that prevent the system from over voltage. This system takes advantage of areas of concentrated wind directly on the roof. The 1 m high turbines begin rotating in the slightest breeze. This type of system requires less area in comparison to conventional photovoltaic power plant and also power generation is higher.
Wideband Bandstop Filter Using Triangular SRR-DGS
This article presents a dumbbell shaped triangular split ring resonator (SRR) in the design of wideband bandstop filter. Initially, a conventional dumbbell shaped triangular defective ground structure (DGS) is used to realize the single bandstop filters at the frequency of 3.55 GHz. This triangular shaped DGS structure is modified to a new structure to realize a wideband bandstop filter characteristics with the frequency range of 3.3 to 4.5 GHz which can be suitable for wireless applications. The proposed filter has low insertion loss in the passband, sharp and wide rejection in the stopband and compact size compared to the conventional triangular DGS structure.
System Preplanning Theory by using Failure vs. Reliability Analysis of DSP-270P Polycrystalline SPV System: A Comparative Approach
A preplanning idea is always required before installing any new system. So, we present an approach for technical preplanning excluding mechanical designing and cost through this paper, to make the system more reliable as well as proper array selection scheme through the comparative analysis. It is implemented by using the comparative approach of optimized and non-optimized output for DSP270P polycrystalline SPV array through PSO, P&O and GA techniques with the help of practical hardware and simulation approach of MATLAB-10 and ode64, aiming the development of various modern power semiconductor devices for any large or bulky SPV system network. Under this idea, the computation of output/solar power, failure rate and reliability analysis of this SPV system for different number of panels has been covered. In-spite of this, DSP210D module is compared with the different types of solar array modules with respect to the number of panels. The initiative step is done by using the data sheet of manufacturer for the comparative study under elementary platform, especially for DSP 270P (Polycrystalline) and KS-M 280 W solar models (Monocrystalline), BP SX 150 and SPP 280-24 solar models (Polycrystalline) and other different modules. All the graphs for several key parameters are plotted in MATLAB.
Control and Stabilization of Maglev System Using 2-DOF PID Controller and its Comparative Analysis with Other PID Controller
Abstract A Magnetic air suspension or a magnetic levitation has turned out to be a very capable technique in the fast common transport system because of its frictionless motion. Due to open-loop system, the elevation in magnetic air is an extremely unstable system; and hence to stabilise this it desire a controller in order to its stabilization and position-tracing. Because of its nonlinear behaviour, its controller implementation is a tough task. The PID controllers have proficient chain of anatomical variation and development. Therefore, this paper is presenting the comparative analysis of step response and square wave response of various forms of PID controllers such as simple PID, PID with feedback and 2DOF PID controllers. In this paper a relative investigation has been done for this unstable maglev system. By Simulation outcome it has been shown that in each state of conversion from one to another considerably impresses the performance of the system. And it observed that the 2-DOF controller developed considerably the performance of the maglev system. Keywords: Magnetic Levitation system (MLS), 1-DOF PID Controller, PID with Feedback Controller, 2-DOF PID Controller. Cite this Article Dhananjay Gupta, Santosh Kumar Suman, Awadhesh Kumar. Control and Stabilization of Maglev System Using 2-DOF PID Controller and its Comparative Analysis with Other PID Controller. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(2): 1–6p.
Integration of Smart Mobile Toilet with an Online Application
Abstract Demonetization brought about a paradigm shift in computerized installments which led to an exponential rise in the usage of digital applications. The project aims at integration of the previously developed Optimized Smart Mobile Toilet with Android applications which involves the usage of XML and Core JAVA for the Full Stack Development. The major focus is on the development of two mobile applications on Android Studio so as to monitor the various system parameters and hence establish a strong Sustainable & Connected electronic Toilet Infrastructure (SCeTI). This infrastructure connectivity ensures improved real time monitoring remotely with high precision and accuracy. As a part of this app creation process, a client side application for the SMT Users and a Server side application for parameter monitoring has been developed which employs Extensible Markup Language for frontend framework and Core JAVA to handle the backend functionalities. Just like SMT, the proposed project finds its applicability and utility just a click away. Keywords: App Development, Real time monitoring, Digitization, Full Stack Development. Cite this Article Srilakshmi Yedavilli, Shashi Gandhar, Shreya Tiwari, Yashmita Tomar, Aniket Kumar. Integration of Smart Mobile Toilet with an Online Application. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(2): 20–27p.
Abstract Growing economy of a country has its pros and cons. Swift development of industries on an extensive scale has led to immense growth in air pollution. It happens to be elementary root of maladies and early deaths around the world. The UN responsible agency for international public health has estimated that outside atmosphere consisting of air pollution takes about three million people’s lives every year. Therefore, contamination amount in air for a city needs to be checked on a daily basis in real-time to maintain the air quality. The nature of air of some areas is reported through a unitless quantity which is said to be air quality index (AQI). Accordingly, to find a sample from the time-series data, a number of different approaches can be implemented as well as reported in literature. Through this paper, we propose a Deep Learning-based model to forecast the concentration of air pollutants. We express the difficulty of forecasting contaminant’s availability in a sequential manner as a time series-analysis where the present concentration level is based on preceding concentration, weather forecasting, etc. Output results confirm that the given method gives minute errors in terms of both root mean square error and Min/Max aggregation of AQI values. Keyword: Air Quality Index, LSTM, Pollutants. Cite this Article Neeraj Kumar, Apoorva Jain, Shalini Sati, Kushagra Kapoor, Pratham Garg. Prediction of Air Quality Index (AQI). Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(2): 28–34p.
Design of Electronic Voting Portal Using Blockchain Technology
Abstract Creating an electronic voting infrastructure that meets law makers legal requirements has been a longstanding challenge. Broadly, this paper explores the blockchain technology through a case study summary, namely the election process and the implementation of a blockchain-based application that enhances security and reduces the cost of hosting a national election. This paper aims to find a solution to the current existing problems in the election procedure. This paper is about the study that is carried out on the blockchain and the software that is made in order to solve the current existing problems that lead to fraud during any election. The portal that has been designed not only keeps track of the security but also it provides a cost effective means for voting. The main aim of this paper is to build a smart electronic voting portal and make it more secure using blockchains since it has the potential to prevent security gaps by serving as a decentralized transaction log. Keywords: blockchain, e-voting, security, decentralisation, internet of things
Design and Implementation of Solar Energy Conservation System for Societal Applications
Abstract Environmental concerns and escalating demand for energy, coupled with progress in renewable energy technologies are creating new opportunities for the utilization of renewable energy resources. Solar energy is most abundant and clean of all energy resources till today. Here we built a solar energy controller system for effective control and cater the needs of different societal applications. Photovoltaic technology is one of the finest ways to harness the solar power towards organization. The solution can be provided by reducing CO2 emissions and problem of climate change can be overcome by replacing fossil fuel by renewable energy sources and enhancing the efficiency of it. We considered solar source, because of their significant contribution to power generated by renewable sources. Keywords: Solar energy, solar panel, tracking systems, battery storage, photovoltaic power generation Cite this Article Raju Hajare, Anil T, Santhosh M. Design and Implementation of Solar Energy Conservation System for Societal Applications. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(2): 7–12p.
Many computing technologies and methodologies have evolved during the course of development of technology and engineering through the history. The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology. We have developed cloud computing technologies for storing and processing data using distributed resources which are often located in third party data centers. Some of the computing technologies have showed very powerful computing capabilities as that we have observed with respect to quantum computing and DNA computing, where the technology is also inclusive of at the hardware level. It becomes necessary to find complementary emerging computing technologies, with the rapid technology augmentation. What necessitates cybernetic computing is as a methodology and technology to be included even at the levels of hardware technology, in a world where cybernetics takes control of the world, where man-machine interface become narrower, with the introduction of cyborgs, a new method of computing is essential, when machines are connected to noosphere, a natural method of computing is a necessity that is compatible with the structure of the word, on which real cybernetics works with. This technology is of transformational nature and results in the foundation of new ecosystem compatible with the natural world. This paper gives an insight in to the details of cybernetic computing showing its purpose, challenges, structure and methodologies. Keywords: Computing, cybernetic computing, cybernetics, cloud computing, computing with words, computational cybernetics, artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, ethics, robots Cite this Article Reji M. Issac. Cybernetic Computing. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(1): 7–13p.
Social Media Analytics for Academic Performance of Students
Abstract Nowadays social media become the public platform around the world to discuss issues or for getting information, finding friends and many more. It is part for daily life which refers a common activity amongst children, youngsters and emerging adults. Excessive usage of social media may raise the question about the performance of students. Prediction of any event is always fascinating and very important part of the research. In this article, we predict student performance and success rate in terms of their academic result and estimate the relation between students based depending on use or misuse of social media. Data is collected from WhatsApp groups of the class of 50 to 60 students to get their conveying and participating pursuits in specific subject. Analytics would be generated from students’ interconnection with educational systems and resources and other widely used social media apps. Analysis is based on how the students effected by media, purpose of use and the negative and positive impact on students. The age group used for prediction is between primary students to under graduate (engineering) students. Our result will reflect usage of social media, impact on their academic activity, and how to control the usage in college hours. This will also show the students movements on social media apps and devices are good predictors of academic performance or not. Keywords: Social media analytics, WhatsApp, academic performance Cite this Article Chanchal P. Kedia, Nilesh J. Uke. Social Media Analytics for Academic Performance of Students. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(1): 21–26p.
IoT Based, Smart Irrigation Agricultural System using Arduino
Abstract This research paper describes about monitoring the farm by using Ardunio ATMEGA 328, using Internet of Things (IoT). Wild animals are special challenge for the farmers. Example, wild dogs, monkeys, etc…cause vandalize to crops. So, it is very important to monitor the nearby presence of animals. PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor is used for the detection of animal and theft from the outside of farms. The proposed monitoring scheme is to provide an early warning about possible vandalize and damage by wild animals. The water irrigation system is introduced to optimize the use of water supply for agricultural crops in area where low rain occurs, irrigation becomes difficult. It is needed to be automated for proper water supply and reduce farmer time and work. So, efficient water management makes an important role in the smart irrigation agricultural systems. This project uses temperature and humidity for measuring temperature and humidity in environment and soil moisture sensors to detect the water quantity present in the soil. The project uses Ardunio Uno microcontroller which is a controller to the whole process of irrigation and with the help of Wi-Fi monitoring the data on Thing Speak server. The aim of the implementation was to demonstrate that the water irrigation can be used to reduce water by using IoT. Keywords: Ardunio, PIR sensor, soil moisture sensor, humidity, Thing Speak server Cite this Article Snehal Dipak Adsul, Vinita Vasant Dhavale, Amruta Anil Newase, Kumar Arumugam Kudumbar, Sujit Prakash Jagtap. IoT Based, Smart Irrigation Agricultural System using Arduino. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(1): 14–20p.
Comparative Analysis of Solar PV System Employing Multiaxis Solar Tracking Mechanism
Abstract Our main aim behind this project is to establish a comparative analysis between solar panels employing multiaxis solar trackers. Hence, it is intent to construct single axis solar tracker and dual axis solar tracker and to have a comparative analysis between no, single and dual axes solar tracker. The main controlling section will be developed using microcontroller. Light dependent resistors (LDR) will be used as a sensor which detects the light. The LDRs are associated with the solar panel. After detecting the position of the sun by identifying the intensity of sun light with LDR, the solar panel will be moved accordingly with the help of servo motor. Again, solar panels efficiency may decrease if dust covers the panel surface. So the project includes the feature to clean the solar panel. A motor pump will be incorporated where after a certain interval of time water will be drained out and thus the solar panel can be cleaned up. Keywords: Solar tracker, Servo motor, Solar panel, LDR, ARDUINO UNO Cite this Article Syed Sharia Mahmud. Comparative Analysis of Solar PV System Employing Multiaxis Solar Tracking Mechanism. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(1): 1–6p.
Speed Control of Automobiles using Seat Belt
Abstract As according to the statistics of present situations there are many road accidents happening, and the reason for the cause is carelessness while driving. A survey report states that a total of 22,441 passengers died due to vehicle crash in 2015 as the occupants were unrestrained during the incident. In these statistics, greater than half were teenagers of 13-19 years (range between 52% and 59%) and the rest were adults aged 20-44 years. Particularly when a person is driving he needs to maintain safety precautions like seat belt and obey traffic norms as it is true that precaution is better than cure. Here, our paper deals to support in the region of precaution for driver’s safety. As according to the several rules and conditions stating that “seat belts are mandatory (must and should)”. Hence, by trying to bring a necessary concept by which the speed of a car can be controlled by the use of a seat belt. By this concept, it will be contractual to each and every one to fasten their seat belts while driving and for sure, it would decrease the damage during the accidents. Keywords: Speed control, seat belt, speed controlling unit, ECU (engine control unit) Cite this Article Aishwarya Gowda.A.G, Hui-Kai Su. Speed Control of Automobiles using Seat Belt. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2020; 11(1): 27–32p.
Numerical Simulation-based Comparative Study of P3HT-based Top Contact and Bottom Contact OTFTs
Abstract In this paper presents numerical simulation-based comparative study of bottom and top contact configurations of P3HT based organic thin-film transistor (OTFT). I-V characteristics has been evaluated using the TCAD simulator and comparison of the performance parameters of these devices has been presented. The dimensions of the transistors for all the proposed structures are kept the same for a valid comparison between them. The observed results were explained based on the significantly reduced area of the injection and carrier extraction regions in the source/channel and channel/drain interfaces in the lower contact transistor, with consequent performance degradation compared to the top contact transistor. Keywords: Poly (3-hexylthiophene) P3HT, organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), numerical simulation, bottom gate top contact (BGTC), bottom gate bottom contact (BGBC), top gate top contact (TGTC) Cite this Article S.K. Jain, Shubham Dadhich, A.D.D. Dwivedi. Numerical Simulation based Comparative Study of P3HT based Top Contact and Bottom Contact OTFTs. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(3): 27–32p.
A Review—A Gift that Counts: Charity Automation
Abstract We all like to go to shopping department shops and buy the first-class satisfactory branded clothes for ourselves; devour scrumptious food at the fine restaurants and stay an expensive life inside one’s personal difficult earned home. The three words are mere words and none of us might reflect on consideration on them in our busy day-to-day agenda. For us, food is to devour, garb is to wear and shelter is to live-as primary as that. We simply take them with no consideration, because they may be available to us without plenty attempt. However think about people who crave for it, folks that sleep outside at the footpaths under harsh situations of extreme warmth/biting bloodless, small kids who die of starvation and families who cannot come up with the money for a roof above their head. That is what ‘basic wishes’ which includes food and apparel is ready. These are the matters that everybody in life works hard to find the money for or deserve. Notwithstanding being one of the quickest-growing economies in the international, a large percentage of Indians nevertheless live in destitution. Authorities and constrained charity groups are seeking to help them. Inside the country of Saudi Arabia and some Canadian towns few charity groups located few donation containers across the city to acquire donations on donor’s ease, however it has grown to be tough for them to display them regularly. Which affect the donation situation. Involving the Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver the donors' comfort and rapid way to communicate with charity, which will make the dona­tion method green, easier and in well-prepared as well. This paper gives a clever solution that is based totally on advanced technologies namely; 'a Gift That Counts: Charity Automation'. Keywords: Internet of Things, non-governmental organization, smart donation field, secondary materials and recycled textiles, administrator Cite this Article Devyani D. Jadhav, Sarita V. Verma. A Review: A Gift That Counts: Charity Automation. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(3): 1–7p.
Low-cost Air Quality Monitoring System for Dhaka City
Abstract Contamination is the expansion of any substance or any type of vitality to nature at a rate quicker than it very well may be scattered, weakened, deteriorated, reused, or put away in some innocuous structure. Pollution has become a crucial problem for busy cities all around the world. There are many types of pollution among them: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, food pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, thermal pollution etc. are getting attention from environmentalist across the world. Air pollution is the most important one among them as we inhale air to live every instant. Breathing polluted air causes major diseases like asthma, cancer, bronchitis, birth defects, immune system disorder, etc. Therefore, real-time monitoring of air quality is crucial from survival point. By generating mapping of air pollution in different area, we can take preventive action as well as we can avoid those areas too. In this research, we design and tested a low-cost air quality monitoring system to avail in every household economically by spending around Taka 1200 per unit whereas the existing devices cost around Taka 5000 per unit. This system will give the indication of the air quality in real-time. The parameters that the system monitors in real-time are: CO, CO2, liquefied-petroleum gases, humidity and temperature. It also let us know sea-level height and the atmospheric pressure too. Keywords: Pollution, air quality, real-time monitoring, low-cost sensing Cite this Article Syed Sharia Mahmud, Mohammad Mohiuddin Uzzal. Low-cost Air Quality Monitoring System for Dhaka City. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(3): 33–41p.
An Advance Model for Network Security System Using NIDS and HIDS
important role. As use of internet is increasing fear of losing the data is also increased. In this paper a mechanism to secure the data is discussed which is known as intrusion detection system (IDS). This system’s major task is to detect the abnormal activities or attacks done by intrusion over network or host. With the help of this security system, we can maintain the security of data over the network or hosts. Performance criteria in IDS are false positive and false negative where task is to identify that the alarm triggered is valid or not. Intrusion detection system has some prevention techniques also which is known as IDPS. In this paper, we used anomaly-based IDS and signature-based IDS separately then together and did the analysis and record is maintained timely for signature-based KFSensor is used as it is compatible for windows and it’s honeypot-based technology and for anomaly-based we used Snort, it also support windows. It is done to make IDS work as hybrid IDS. The result we got at last together is these both IDS are giving more effective result as compare to existing IDS. Keywords: IDPS (intrusion detection and prevention system), hybrid IDS, KFSensor, Snort Cite this Article Vikas Singh, Amit Kumar Rajput. An Advance Model for Network Security System Using NIDS and HIDS. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(3): 42–52p.
Design and Development of a Multifunction FPGA-based Data Acquisition System using Nonlinear Duty-cycle Modulation Technique
Abstract A new generation of DAQ based on duty-cycle modulation technique is presented. It describes the design and prototyping of a FPGA-based data acquisition and signal generation board using the duty-cycle modulation technique and with computer-based software interface. The system is built around the DE0-Nano development board that embeds an Altera cyclone IV FPGA in which a NIOS II processor running at 100 MHz has been instantiated. The conversion technique from analog-to-digital and vice versa is that of duty-cycle modulation technique which innovates by its reversibility. The resulting prototype has 4 input channels and 4 output channels and can be extended. It has input and output bandwidth of 100 kHz, which fully covers the bandwidth of the audio signals. It can measure or generate signals respectively in the range of voltages +/-3 V and +/-8 V, and thus can serve for the acquisition of physiological signals for instance. The sampling frequency is 50 MHz, the resolution is 12 bits for ADC and 10 bits for DAC, the theoretical SNR value is 97.9794 dB. The interface to the PC is built around the USB-UART TTL converter CP2102. Keywords: DAQ, DE0-Nano development board, FPGA, duty-cycle modulation, ADC, DAC, prototype Cite this Article Bertrand Lonla Moffo, Romuald Kouam Nteto. Design and Development of a Multifunction FPGA-based Data Acquisition System using Nonlinear Duty-cycle Modulation Technique. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(3): 8–26p.
A Review: Inspection of Objects Using Computer Vision
Abstract This paper is motivated mainly by the need for more efficient and advanced techniques in an inspection of an object because accurate and timely information is needed for any industries to improve their quality and increase the production of goods. The objective of this paper is to provide an inexpensive and comprehensive review of defect inspection techniques. Now a day’s new computer vision technologies and image processing technologies have been very important in the improvement and automation of manual processes in technical areas such as industries. In this paper, a system that can replace the currently deployed manual inspection procedure by using image processing techniques is studied. Digital image processing is used in many filed mainly for detection of faulty parts or missing parts. Inspection using digital image processing is the key factor behind the all industrial applications. The Review study mainly deals with analysis to find faulty object rather than a statistical approach. This review paper gives us the idea that manual inspection technique can be replaced with the proposed idea and hence productivity can be increased. Keywords: Computer vision, image, Industry 4.0, object detection Cite this Article Ganesh A. Khose, Ganesh Sable. A Review: Inspection of Objects Using Computer Vision. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(2): 1–5p.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
Driver Alertness Detection Using Data Correlation
Abstract The number of accidents taking place across the globe is increasing at a fast pace and it's astonishing that around 20% accidents occur due to driver’s fatigue or due to lack of alertness. Non-alertness reduces reaction time and concentration, impairing the ability to execute decision making as well as attention-based activities. Being an aware and responsible citizen, it becomes essential to assure the driver’s vigilance and safety of passengers, co-passengers. Working on this predicament of driver alert detection, this paper proposes a solution to detect alertness based on an individual’s heart rate. In case of non-alertness through IoT, the working agency keeping a record of alertness would be discerned and driver is alarmed through a loud beep on his phone. The heartbeat detection is based on a piezo electric sensor; the electronic design basically detects heartbeat and is proposed to be attached on seatbelt of the driver to check attentiveness. The data analysis study done on Holter report of a heartbeat after consulting cardiologist deduced that as per circadian rhythm, a person is already in the non-alert zone during night hours and when a person is non-alert, his/her heartbeat goes slow. Further to this analysis, it was surmised that if a person's heartbeat is detected, alertness can be checked. The complete setup was further taken on IoT framework, so that data can be transferred over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Keywords: Amplifier, cardiologist, data correlation, fatigue, MOSFET Cite this Article Shreya Chawla, Anisha Raheja, Akshar Vashist, Gourav Kumar Soni. Driver Alertness Detection Using Data Correlation. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(2): 6–15p.
Interactive Smart Mirror for Personal Information Management
Abstract The future of Personal Information Management depends on the Internet of things (IoT). Though the applications of IoT are diverse, the one that concerns the common man is how it can be used to make life easier and faster. This is where Personal Information Management using IoT comes into the picture. Interactive Smart Mirror represents the design and development of a futuristic system for the personal information management for commercial use in the organizations as well as individuals. This system collects personal information and preferences of a user and displays it to the user based on his / her requirements. Under the hood, this system is controlled by the Raspberry Pi module. Along with Raspberry Pi Module, this system utilizes peripheral devices like Microphone, Camera Module, Speakers and LCD Screen. The features of this system are user identification using face recognition, voice-controlled commands, Email messaging, Weather updates, current date and time and latest news updates. Human Device interactions with this system are achieved through voice commands. Keywords: IoT, Raspberry Pi, Interactive Smart Mirror, Personal Information Management. Cite this Article Priti Deo, Usha Jadhav. Interactive Smart Mirror for Personal Information Management. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(2): 16–21p.
Drone-based Fire Detection and Crowd Management System using Image Processing
Abstract Nowadays, fire outbreaks are common issues which cause severe damage towards nature and human properties hence fire detection system are designed to discover fires early in their development when the time will still be available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early fire detection in the event of an outbreak is pivotal to prevent loss of life and properties. Fire is necessary and profitable to humankind life, but it also causes many environmental disasters and ecological damage, as well as endangering people's lives. So, fire detection systems are one of the most important components in surveillance systems that report preferably the early presence of fire. The goal of the fire detection system is to detect fires and the fire detecting system has the ability to monitor a large area and depending on the quality of the camera used. Hence drone-based fire detection and crowd management system provide an aerial vantage point to help large area. Keywords: Drone, Fire Detection, Image Processing, Open CV Cite this Article Rita Khillare, Aparna Shinde. Drone-based Fire Detection and Crowd Management System using Image Processing. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(2): 30–34p.
Rocker Bogie System using RF Communication
Abstract The rocker-bogie system is a robot that can travel in rough terrain. Its mechanism helps in maintaining stability. It is a multispecialty robot that can be used for various applications. The use of Rocker-Bogie mechanism helps in maintaining the balance of the robot which is used to travel on an uneven surface, usually called as an All-Terrain Vehicular Robot. The conditions preferably needed for the robot to work are in rough conditions, surfaces such as obstacles and surfaces with uneven travel conditions. The robot consists of an RF module of 2.4 GHz frequency to communicate between the user and the robot, a mobile camera acts as a video transmission device to the user during long-distance operations. The multi-specialty system of an all-terrain vehicle is a prototype which can be implemented easily at a low cost, making it efficient to implement. The major challenge in the working of the robot is its stabilization and balance. The rocker-bogie mechanism makes the robot an All-Terrain Vehicle and a multispecialty robot which can be used for various applications. A camera is also installed on it for video surveillance. This helps the user to visualize the surroundings and operate easily from anywhere. Keywords: Actuator, frequency, robot, Rocker bogie, RF module Cite this Article N. Dinesh Kumar, A.V. Karthik Prasad, A. Harini Reddy, C. Harika. Rocker Bogie System using RF Communication. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(2): 22–29p.
SU-8 Polymer as an Optical Waveguide for Integrated Optics
Abstract: Optical integrated circuits analogous to electronic integration have many advantages over the latter technology. As information carriers are photons (bosons) in optical circuits rather than electrons (fermions), which maximize the speed as well as due to minimum mutual interaction between photons, losses are reduced whereas the band-width increases. Silicon is most dominant material in fabrication of Electronic Integrated Circits (EICs), Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) exploits the suitable optical properties of certain polymers as well. This report comprises of the experimental work undertaken on an optical waveguides along with the relevant theoretical studies. Experimental work basically covers the study of SU-8 polymer as an optical waveguide, its characterization using monochromatic and white light sources and fabrication methods. It is also intended to experimentally study the effect of fluorination on SU-8 waveguides. Keywords: EIC, PIC, Integrated optics, SU-8 waveguide, Optical lithography Cite this Article: Neeharika Bakhla, Priya Laxmi, Pranabendu Gangopadhyay. SU-8 Polymer as an Optical Waveguide for Integrated Optics. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(1): 20–26p.
IoT Based Self-Parking Car (Parallel Parking)
Abstract: As fast growth in population, the problem of parking space is surplus as no. of car increases. Because of limited parking space, people have to wait in the queue to get their car parked. Parallel parking in narrow spaces is often the most tedious and annoying task for drivers. The situation becomes even harder when visibility behind the vehicle decreased because of the aerodynamic shape of a car. To overcome this problem, we present an effective, simple and reliable solution to implement low-cost self-parking car. In this prototype, we have used hardware like Nodemcu, ultrasonic sensor, and an infrared sensor. The car is planned to be made smarter by using image processing and more effective sensors like Lidar. Results of the prototype show how self-parking can be implemented in regular cars and abundant time and space can be saved. Keywords: Self-parking, Internet of Things, Nodemcu, parallel-parking Cite this Article: Krushnakant Kori, Maulik Panchal, Mohan M. Khambalkar, Mehfuza S. Holiya, IoT Based Self-Parking Car (Parallel Parking), 2019. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(1): 15–19p.
Approximation Based Optimal Control Design Strategy for the Magnetic Levitation System
Abstract: This paper presents the stabilization and trajectory tracking of magnetic levitation system using optimal control technique. The magnetic levitation (Maglev) system is exceedingly unstable and nonlinear system. The magnetic levitation has been a desirous area of exploration for utilization, especially in the scope of automotive where low losses due to friction and low energy consumption are an important idea. The (Maglev) system has become a large effective technology in the intensity of the mass transportation system due to its frictionless motion. Its controller design is a challenging problem. The design process of optimal control law for large scale systems is very difficult due to main demerits of optimal control principle which demands feedback from completely state variables that are demonstrated to depict the dynamics of the system (Maglev). Balance truncation method for model order reduction is used for reaching at the controller parameters; the MOR technique offers a stage to a simple understanding of the main system. It also supply a simpler dynamic for simple treatment and control characteristic. The simulation results are presented to compare the effectiveness of the controller in terms of their ability to respond to step inputs by the proposed optimal control method. Keywords: Magnetic levitation system (MLS), MOR, Optimal Cite this Article Dhananjay Gupta, Santosh Kumar Suman, Awadhesh Kumar. Approximation Based Optimal Control Design Strategy for the Magnetic Levitation System. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(1): 8–14p.
Performance Analysis of Bridgeless Converter Based SMPS used for Welding Application
Abstract: This paper deals with performance analysis bridgeless converter based switched mode power supply (SMPS) of improved power quality. Power Factor Correction (PFC) based bridge less SMPS having so many applications in the area of welding power supply with IPC. This topology based on the constant voltage output and output current varied according to load changes. In the proposed topology, it is replaced the front end diode bridge rectifier with single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) based SMPS used for arc welding application. Conventional diode bridge converter based SMPS gives high distortion in supply current and hence lower power factor. To remove this power quality problem of without bridge buck-boost one phase single ended primary inductance converter based SMPS proposed. Due to the absence of diode bridge in input side and availability of two switches enhance the power quality. The operation involved here is discontinuous conduction mode. Bridgeless SEPIC-converter based SMPS operates with single-phase ac supply. Proposed connection worked in conduction mode of discontinuous which results in improved power factor. The analysis and performance of bridgeless SEPIC type SMPS based rectifier is done under the 220-Vrms input supply voltage and 120-Watt resistive load. The result is analyzed by simulating the proposed circuit in MATLAB/Simulink. Keywords: SEPIC, switched–mode power supply, high frequency transformer, discontinuous conduction mode, power factor correction Cite this Article: Sumit Kumar Singh, Ashok Kumar Pandey, Anjani Kumar Prajapati. Performance Analysis of Bridgeless Converter Based SMPS used for Welding Application. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(1): 27–33p.
A Review of Single-Phase Grid Connected Transformerless Solar PV Inverter Topology
Abstract: Owing to low cost and system compactness, transformerless inverters became popular in single-phase grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. Improvement of conversion efficiency, reduction in distortion of the grid current and minimizing common mode leakage current are the major concerns in these inverters. The purpose of this paper is to review on various transformerless solar PV inverters. In this paper, the single-phase inverters are classified into two major categories: 1) Nonpatent Survey and 2) Patent Survey. These two categories are further divided in various subcategories. Each subcategories are elaborated and their merits and demerits are discussed. This paper provides in depth analysis of several single phase solar PV inverters. Thus, it can be taken as reference for researchers. Index Terms: Transformerless Solar PV inverter, Conversion efficiency, inverter topology, Common Mode (CM) leakage current, Common Mode voltage Cite this Article: Pankaj Kumar Singh, Swapnil Kushwaha, Kishan Bhusan Sahay. A Review of Single-Phase Grid Connected Transformerless Solar PV Inverter Topology. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2019; 10(1): 1–7p.
Computer Aided Circuit Design for Diagnosis of Dust Impact on Solar Panels
Abstract Solar panels have come up as a promising methodology for extracting solar energy and yielding electricity. However, there exist many barriers in its path to become an indispensable part of today's era. The decreasing panel efficiency due to several factors such as temperature, irradiance, photoactive material, dust, panel orientation, is an issue of concern. Amongst these, dust is the least acknowledged, yet the most crucial parameter responsible for deteriorating panel performance. This research work focuses on studying the impact of dust on photovoltaic modules. Further computer aided circuit design is proposed for dust diagnosis on solar panel. The result revealed high impact of dust from experimental data that is also justified by transmittance calculation from computer aided design circuit. Keywords: PSPICE, Solar cell, Solar Panel, Transmittance, Mitigation Cite this Article Anisha Raheja, Divya Khanna, Rashmi Chawla. Computer Aided Circuit Design for Diagnosis of Dust Impact on Solar Panels. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(3): 11–16p.
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
Personal Assistant and Home Security Robot
Abstract Personal assistant and home security system increases human work efficiency and comfort. A prototype personal assistant and home security robot has been designed and implemented in this project. It also works with Google and functions as an assistant. The main goal is to develop a system for Face Detection and Google Assistant. Face Detection and Google Assistant system are developed on Raspberry pi microcontroller by using python language. Image processing has been included for security purpose. A moving Pi camera has been added for taking pictures in various angles. The image-processing algorithm allows only known person and if it detects any unknown person then it will take photo and upload it to a Google drive account. The system uses Wi-Fi module for internet connectivity. Keywords: Home security, face detection, Google Assistant, obstacles detection, Raspberry pi, Google drive Cite this Article Rakib Uddin, Nafiz Ahmed Chisty, Emrul Kayes et al. Personal Assistant and Home Security Robot. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(3): 30–35p.
A Review: Fusion of Face and Iris by using Support Vector Machine
Abstract A new approach for personal identification based on the fusion of iris & face recognition is presented in this paper. Biometric innovations are the establishment of the personal identification system. A biometric system recognizes a person based on a few characteristics or forms. This is in many instances watched in the region of security, privacy, and forensics. Even for the great of unimodal biometric systems, it is frequently no longer viable to achieve a greater attention rate. Face and iris identification proof has been utilized in one of a kind biometric purpose. Other than moving forward the confirmation execution, the fusion of both of the biometrics has a few other preferences such as user population coverage and reducing enrolment failure. We utilize two distinctive methodologies for intertwining iris and face classifiers. The to begin with the procedure is Iris and face biometrics is created a recognition demonstrate. Different surface feature is extricated utilizing local binary pattern (LBP). The moment methodology is to treat the coordinating separations of face and iris classifiers as a two-dimensional feature vector and utilize a classifier support vector machine (SVM). We have to create a multimodal biometric approach that’s why we combine face & iris feature and parallel we move forward the execution of verification system. Keywords: Face recognition, iris recognition, LBP, multibiometrics, SVM Cite this Article Snehal L. Mulange, Manju Pawar. A Review: Fusion of Face and Iris by using Support Vector Machine. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(3): 1–10p.
Design and Development of Intelligent Navigation Control Systems for Autonomous Robots Using Fuzzy Logic Techniques
Abstract This research is to study about the behaviour robot navigation controller namely: fuzzy logic, that are used to control the autonomous mobile robot platform in obstacle avoidance in real time using ultrasonic sensors with complex strategies of decision-making navigating through a real unknown environment. The study presents design, simulation, hardware implementation and testing of the controller. Controller is simulated first in MATLAB® using the Simulink Toolbox. Later the controller is implemented using Arduino software and finally the hardware design of mobile robot with controller is developed. The response of controller was tested in environment using a maze that the robot should navigate avoiding obstacles and reaching the desired goal. The fuzzy logic controller was marginally superior for decision making in overall navigation and intelligence. Keywords: Intelligent Controller, Autonomous Robot, Ultrasonic sensors, fuzzy logic, MATLAB®, Arduino. Cite this Article Viji R. Design and Development of Intelligent Navigation Control Systems for Autonomous Robots Using Fuzzy Logic Techniques. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(3): 17–23p.
Designing of OFDM and FBMC System using QAM and QPSK Modulation Technique
Abstract The Fourth generation (4G) and Fifth generation (5G) are the new evolution of the mobile communication system. The fourth generation had been launched in almost all countries and the 5G is very soon launched in many countries. In India, the 5G is launched in the years of 2020s. In this article, we hut the light on the potential and implementation on the multicarrier technology system which is the 5G based on the Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) and Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique using MATLAB/Simulink over AWGN channel. The output of OFDM and FBMC on quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and QPSK modulation technique is show by the spectrum analyzer and scope. We are used this output for compare the modulation technique for the same technology. The multi-carrier modulation gives the advantages like high data rate, inter symbol interference (ISI) reduction, higher reliability and good performance in multipath fading. Keywords: Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), spectrum analyzer Cite this Article Shivani Yadav, Archana Agarwal. Designing of OFDM and FBMC System using QAM and QPSK Modulation Technique. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(3): 24–29p.
Optimization of a Digital Adder Design Using MOSFET and FinFET Technology
Abstract In this study, a very low power high speed Adder is presented by using short gate mode technique and voltage scaling system for FinFET. MOSFET and FinFET technique is used on 32 nm by adders which compare delay and average power. Parametric study of fins vs. power is also performed in the study. Synopsys HSPICE software is used for obtaining the simulation results. Simulation results show that low power is obtained in short gate mode Adder technique. When FinFET is applied in the Adder, delay is also improved. Keywords: 32 nm, FinFET, adder, MOSFET, CMOS Cite this Article Ritu Dagar, Preet Kaur. Optimization of a Digital Adder Design Using MOSFET and FinFET Technology. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(2): 30–33p.
Stability Analysis in SRAM Cell for Deep Submicron Design
Abstract Memory is an integral part of present day battery operated and hand held electronic gadgets. As the size of devices shrinks so does the size of memory used in these devices also, this increases the demand for low power devices. Leakage current is one of the prominent factors that contribute to significant portion of the total power dissipation; in fact at lower technologies it becomes comparable to switching component. Device scaling also affects various electrical parameters like noise voltage and cell stability. The static noise margin (SNM) of cell greatly determines its stability. To address upon this issue various techniques have been proposed at various levels of design cycle. This paper analyzes SNM for 6T SRAM cell with respect to various parameters like cell ratio (CR), pull-up ratio (PR), supply voltage (Vdd), data retention voltage (DRV) and temperature. It also analyzes the variation of read static noise margin (RSNM) and writes static noise margin (WSNM) with the variation in Vdd. simulations are carried out using cadence virtuoso tool in 90 nm and 45 nm technology. Keywords: SRAM, Static Noise Margin, DRV, CR, PR, RSNM, WSNM Cite this Article Tripti Tripathi, D.S. Chauhan, S.K. Singh. Stability Analysis in SRAM Cell for Deep Submicron Design. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(2): 1–6p.
Comparative Analysis of Perturb & Observe and Incremental & Conductance MPPT Algorithms
Abstract Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique implemented on a Photo-Voltaic (PV) system is meant for increasing its efficiency. In literature may research work claims MPPT technique as one of the most efficient way in enhancing output power generated. The output electrical parameters (V-I curve) of PV (photovoltaic) system depends on the irradiance, temperature, configuration, environmental conditions and analogy of a PV system. MPPT regulates the system at the reference voltage and makes the system to generate maximum power. This study does the comparative evaluation of the two MPPT methods in literature Perturb and Observe (P&O), and Incremental and Conductance (INC) owing to their wide application. The comparison performance analysis was done theoretically and by implementing the simulation of both methods on MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation is done based on varying irradiance and temperature. Keywords: INC (incremental and conductance) technique, maximum power point tracking, PV (Photovoltaic) system, P&O (perturb and observe) method, renewable energy Cite this Article Minakshi Sharma, Rashmi Chawla, Pradeep Kumar. Comparative Analysis of Perturb & Observe and Incremental & Conductance MPPT Algorithms. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(2): 7–13p.
Design of Photonic Sensor for Driver Assistance
Abstract A report from National Highway Traffic Safety Association, USA, states that 100000 police reported crashes are a result of driver fatigue. This figure would be quite mind boggling for developing nations, where work periods are usually extended without conducting detailed scrutiny. Sophisticated vehicles are equipped with sensors for assisting drivers and providing them with time-critical accident alerts. However, there is a need to develop cheap and reliable sensors for 24x7 (day-night) operation to minimize and avoid accidents due to driver fatigue, compromised night vision, poor depth perception, reduced peripheral vision in dark, and headlight glare. The study discussed the available sensor technologies and proposed a sensor configuration suitable for operation under different weather and lighting conditions. To ensure road safety, covering different atmospheric (fair weather, haze, and smoke) and illumination (day/night and seasonal variation) conditions, pulsed illuminator with photodiode based FI Si CCD and In0.53Ga0.47As/Si hybrid CCD (charge-coupled diode) were proposed. Proposed approaches would provide both intensity and depth map of target. Architecture design of both types of devices were presented in this study. Sensor system design was presented to meet depth resolution of 1.5 m for 10 to 100 m target range. This study also discussed overall system level performance that could be achieved using the proposed detectors. Keywords: Avalanche photodiode, CAT-I, charge-coupled diode, EB-CMOS, FPA, GmAPD, InGaAs, LED (Light-emitting diode), MCP (Micro channel plate), NIR, Si, SWIR, target reflectance, 3D imaging Cite this Article Arup Banerjee, Usha S. Mehta. Design of Photonic Sensor for Driver Assistance. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(2): 14–23p.
Preparation of Fe/Ti/Al Nano-particles and Mixed Nano-composites from Aluminium Industrial Wastes
Abstract Indian alumina refineries produce over 6 million tonnes of alumina generating about 9 million tonnes of bauxite residue commonly (known as red mud) per annum, typically containing 50–60% Fe2O3, 15–20% Al2O3 and 3–5% SiO2, TiO2 and Na2O. Efforts have been made to synthesize nano-particles (Fe/Al/Ti) and nano-composites (Al-Fe-Ti/Al-Fe/Al-Ti) using red mud for chemical precipitation and mechanical milling. XRF was used to check the chemical composition of red mud processed at each stage. The microstructural and phase transformations from bulk to nano-stage at different temperatures were studied by SEM that helped in identifying the formation of nano-particles and nano-composites. Keywords: Aluminium industrial waste, Red mud, Autogenous dissolution, Nanoparticle, Nano-composite Cite this Article Priyanka Nayar. Preparation of Fe/Ti/Al Nano-particles and Mixed Nano-composites from Aluminium Industrial Wastes. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(2): 24–29p.
Study and Design of Reconfigurable Processor Peripherals using Xilinx Tools
Abstract Xilinx Platform Studio used in this paper to create a reconfigurable processor system. The Xilinx Embedded Development Kit (EDK) software allows mapping processor of a Microblaze plus several on-chip peripheral bus (OPB) peripherals. The EDK bridges the gap between Hardware (HW) and Software (SW), flows by providing a single HW/SW design environment. Xilinx ISE is to create a top-level design hierarchy. It extends a fully software architecture by generating and integrating the cores, along with proper interfaces and the codes scheduling and synchronizing. Xilinx PlanAhead is used in creating Location (LOC) constraints for inputs and outputs. The possibility of dynamic and partial fly over run time configuration (PR) with the help of Xilinx PlanAhead offers to enable the substitution of the reconfigurable architecture to build reconfigurable processor system. The first graphical environment for partial reconfiguration provided by Xilinx PlanAhead, which gives the flexibility for changing a design in the field, reducing the board space and provides low power consumption. Here in this paper a model is prepared by using Xilinx EDK 9.1, Xilinx ISE 9.1 and Xilinx PlanAhead 9.2.4 to build reconfigurable processor system. Keywords: Embedded development kit, On-Chip Peripherals, Partial reconfiguration, Internal Configuration Access Port, Design Rule Checks Cite this Article Ipseeta Nanda, Nibedita Adhikari. Study and Design of Reconfigurable Processor Peripherals using Xilinx Tools. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(1): 17–23p.
Metal Oxide Based Thin Film Transistors for Transparent and Flexible Electronics: Critical Review
Abstract Transparent and flexible electronics is new emerging research area. Various technologies are available for thin film transistors (TFT). Metal oxide semiconductors are suitable because of their high optical transparency, good electrical performance etc. These devices have advantages of a-Si and organic materials also. Advantages of these devices are low cost, low process complexity and temperature, and large-area scalability and large carrier mobility. In this paper research work is compared. This paper is an outcome of comparative analysis of extracts drawn from literature review of 76, IEEE papers ranging from year 1998 to the year 2017, carried out to understand various design modification in thin film transistors for increase use in emerging new technologies. The outcome of the review is presented in form of various findings, which includes techniques and methods used for modification, along with their strengths and weaknesses and the scope for the future work in the area. Keywords: Thin Film Transistors (TFT), Substrate, Fabrication methods Cite this Article Mahima Asthana, Arun Dev Dhar Dwivedi. Metal Oxide Based Thin Film Transistors for Transparent and Flexible Electronics: Critical Review. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(1): 30–40p.
Impact of Xilinx ISE Design Suite’s MAP and Generate Programming Optimization Settings on FPGAs Bitstream Size
Abstract In SRAM based FPGA configuration bitstream resides in configuration memory. Bitstream contains information of CLBs, IOBs and logic interconnects. With increase in complexity of design, size of bitstream increases. Hence if size of bitstream is reduced, less configuration memory required. CAD tools used in FPGA based design has different settings which affects logic capacity, performance speed, resource utilization, power consumption, area required for placing designs etc. In this paper, we have investigated impact of Xilinx ISE design suite’s MAP optimization settings and compression option found in generate programming file on bitstream size. We observed that bitstream size reduces with software settings of CAD tool as compared with its default settings. Overall 47.91% compression ratio is obtained for benchmark designs and optimized settings of Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7. Keywords: Bitstream, CAD, Configuration, FPGA, ISE, Optimization, Xilinx Cite this Article Pravin N. Matte, Dilip D. Shah. Impact of Xilinx ISE Design Suite’s MAP and Generate Programming Optimization Settings on FPGAs Bitstream Size. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(1): 1–8p.
Analysis and Design of Decoder Using Different Adiabatic Technique
Abstract The CMOS logic circuit depends upon charging and discharging of the capacitive load. This is one of the major sources of power dissipation. Adiabatic circuits are used to minimize the power dissipation. These circuits are based on feeding the charge back to power supply instead of discharging it to ground. The paper presented here is based on adiabatic logic style, PFAL (Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic) and DFAL (Diode Free Adiabatic Logic). 2:4 DECODER using these techniques are studied and power results are compared with conventional CMOS logics. In this technique average power is minimized and the simulation has been done in Tanner EDA Tool using 180 nm technology. Power Dissipation in DFAL is minimized by 25.601% and by 16.459% in PFAL as compared to conventional CMOS. So we can conclude that DFAL is better than PFAL and conventional CMOS. Keywords: Tanner, CMOS, adiabatic logic, PFAL, DFAL Cite this Article Pankaj, Bal Krishan. Analysis and Design of Decoder Using Different Adiabatic Technique. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(1): 24–29p.
Comparative Analysis of FD-DMDG SON MOSFET over FD DMDG SOI MOSFET
Abstract In the recent past, Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) shows better device performance in comparison to bulk Silicon devices but it still suffers from different short channel effects (SCEs). Recently a structure, Silicon on Nothing (SON), has been suggested and investigated. It is structured to be capable of substantial reduction of SCEs and present better electrical characteristics in comparison to SOI. The absence of the buried layer results in the reduced electrostatic coupling between substrate and drain/source which makes fully-depleted (FD) SON MOSFET as the significant structure for enhanced electrical performance. In the current research work, a Dual Material Double Gate (DMDG) Fully Depleted (FD) SON MOSFET is under analysis for electrical performance and it is compared with DMDG SOI MOSFET. It is observed that DMDG FD SON MOSFET has steps profile of channel potential, hence reduced SCEs, better scalability and device performance is obtained. The improvement in the drain current and transconductance was also observed in DMDG SON structure in comparison to the DMDG SOI structure. Keywords: Dual Material Gate; Double Gate; Fully depleted MOS; SON MOSFET; Channel potential profile; Silvaco TCAD Cite this Article Prashant Kumar, Munish Vashishath, Bansal PK. Comparative Analysis of FD-DMDG SON MOSFET over FD DMDG SOI MOSFET. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2018; 9(1): 9–16p.
Unoccupied Floor Extraction in Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation
Abstract Considering the today’s atomization need, autonomous mobile robot navigation and arena exploration becomes most substantial research area. The majority of navigational issues are robot localization, on floor objects localization, deciding strategy for navigation. This paper address the method used to explore empty floor detection implemented on raspberry pi 3 which assistances autonomous mobile robot in terms of localization during safe navigation. The literature shows most of the localization algorithms uses grid based arena dividing technique. The explored unoccupied floor map can use for mobile robot path planning and navigation. the method is realized on raspberry pi 3 board using python 2.7 as a programming language and OpenCV library with Ubuntu Mate operating system. The outcome of the method is time and memory efficient compares to other methods and can be utilized for dynamic environment. Keywords: Unoccupied floor extraction, obstacle detection and localization, Memory efficient SLAM, Computation efficient SLAM, Divide and merge algorithm, Mobile robot path planning and Navigation, Centralized ceiling mounted vision system, Cite this Article Rahul Shivaji Pol, B Sheela Rani, M. Murugan. Unoccupied Floor Extraction in Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 41–44p.
Copyright (c) 2017 Journal of Electronic Design Technology
Fuzzy Inference System for Performance Analysis of Aspiring Research Students
Abstract Research play a very important role in the growth of any university. Number of research performs in an institute affects the rating of an institute. In this paper, we have discussed a new evaluation method is described to measures the performance of analysis of aspiring research students based on Fuzzy Inference systems and results are compared with the classical method. Through using Fuzzy logic approaches, we evaluate the research students’ performance. A suitable fuzzy inference mechanism and associated rule has been discussed. By using suitable fuzzy logic and implementing its principle, we evaluate the performance of researchers. Keywords:Fuzzy Logic, FIS, Performance, and Membership Function. Cite this Article Raja M., Deneshkumar V., K. Senthamarai Kannan. Fuzzy Inference System for Performance Analysis of Aspiring Research Students. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2017; 8(3): 12–16p.
Smart Electronic Real Time Text Recognition Application
Abstract The area of application of optical character recognition has been expanded in the last few years. There are many techniques which exist and provide high recognition rate, but it consumes time in training the network. Various mobile applications have been designed for optical character recognition (OCR) in Android platform and iOS platform. The limitation of such application is computation ability of mobile processor. This paper proposes a framework of optical character recognition on a mobile device using android application. Most of the existing android application works on existing image in the storage or live camera based text recognition system i.e. offline text recognition application. Existing android applications like camscanner, text fairy, text scanner, smart lens etc. does the optical character recognition on existing image stored in storage of android device. Android Application ‘ABBYY’ does text recognition on live camera. All these applications work on the principal of offline text recognition that has limitation of text recognition rate or accuracy rate. In this work, we represent a neural network based approach to reduce the time and to maintain high accuracy rate. The main idea is to design an android application which works on already trained neural network, which converts real time handwritten text on android device’s touch screen into editable text format. Furthermore sharing the editable text to Arduino Microcontroller through Global System for Mobile and Bluetooth for multipurpose. Keywords: Offline text recognition, online text recognition, OCR, sliding window, Arduino, GSM, bluetooth, Android studio Cite this Article Ramesh Chauhan, Dhaval Pipalia. Smart Electronic Real Time Text Recognition Application. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2017; 8(3): 1–7p.
Orchestration of Robotic Platform and Implementation of Adaptive Self-Learning Neuro-Fuzzy Controller
Abstract The paper presents design, development and implementation of a robotic platform based on orchestration model. An orchestration model helps the user to reuse the services and provide easy porting from robot to robot with reduced project development time. Orchestration of Robotic Platform (ORP) is simple and based on open source Arduino architecture. The hardware of platform consists of sensors, actuators and Arduino board. The software deploys orchestration-programming model. An Adaptive Self-learning Neuro-fuzzy Controller (ASLNFC) is also designed and implemented, for testing the robots in real-time environment. The ASLNFC uses structure and parameter learning methods for performance enhancement of robot. A collision avoidance task is also included. The results of our real-time experiments show the effectiveness of ASLNFC and usability of ORP. Keywords: Robotic Platform, orchestration, neuro-fuzzy controller, networks, collision avoidance Cite this Article Rameez Raja Chowdhary, Manju K. Chattopadhyay, Raj Kamal. Orchestration of Robotic Platform and Implementation of Adaptive Self-Learning Neuro-Fuzzy Controller. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2017; 8(3): 17–29p.
Vector Arrow Shape Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX Application
Abstract In this paper dual band microstrip patch antenna is presented which is used for personal communication system and wireless local area network. The two bands which ranges are 1.721-2.031 GHz with bandwidth of 16.53% and 2.964-3.202 GHz with bandwidth of 7.72%. The glass epoxy material is used as a substrate to design anticipated antenna and simulated with IE3D Zeland software. The simulation results like reflection coefficient, VSWR and smith chart are presented and discussed. Keywords: Dual band, IE3D, WLAN and Vector Arrow Shape Patch Cite this Article Ravi Kant, Saiyed Tazen Ali, Vinod Kumar Singh et al. Vector Arrow Shape Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX Application. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2017; 8(3): 30–33p.
Traffic Aware Coloring based Scheduling Scheme for Mobile Wireless Body Area Networks
Abstract Evolution in the wireless technology and supportive infrastructure offer innovative opportunities for healthcare and fitness monitoring applications without restricting activities of the user. The wireless body area networks (WBAN) have ability to bring revolution in the healthcare field. In spite of this ability WBAN have some technical challenges that need to be researched. The biggest challenge in WBAN is to provide quality of service. Many scheduling techniques have been proposed to improve Medium Access Channel (MAC) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to achieve quality of service as well as to avoid interference between wireless sensor networks. In this paper the algorithm is proposed to achieve MAC objectives such as interference avoidance by using TDMA together with graph coloring. It has also tried to make TDMA scheduling more traffic aware so that it can recognize the traffic demands and accordingly allocates the time slots to sensors nodes which have highest priority packets. Keywords: Scheduling, MAC, Sensor Networks, TDMA, WBAN’s Cite this Article Vishal S. Kore, Suraj A. Shete, Mahesh A. Jadhav. Traffic Aware Coloring based Scheduling Scheme for Mobile Wireless Body Area Networks. Journal of Electronic Design Technology. 2017; 8(3): 8–11p.
Efficiency Improvement and Reduction in Size of Patch Antenna
Abstract This proposed antenna was result of research which was carried out to reduce the size of the patch antenna (PA) and efficiency improvement of the same. Proposed method to enhance the antenna parameter and reduction of size was defected ground structure which is popularly known as DGS. An antenna was designed at 2.14 GHz and after implementing proposed defected ground structure, resonating frequency was shifted to 1.7 from 2.1 GHz. Proposed structure was a combination of a ring with the triangle in it. This disturbance in the ground basically distributes the radiating frequency and makes antenna more efficient than ever before. Keywords: DGS, PA, size reduction, efficiency, directivity Cite this Article Shweta Tiwari, Rajesh Namdev. Efficiency Improvement and Reduction in Size of Patch Antenna. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 45–50p.
Design of 10T SRAM Cell for Low Power and High Speed Applications
Abstract This paper presents techniques for designing a low-power and higher read speed Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) cell. The cell achieves low power dissipation due to Virtual Ground (VGND) scheme and provides higher read performance due to Forward Body Biasing (FBB). Design metrics of the proposed SRAM cell was studied and compared with that of CON 6T, CON D10T, TG 8T, 9T, and ST-10T SRAM cells. It was observed that the proposed design shows significant improvements in read current, read delay over 6T, TG 8T, 9T, ST- 10T. However, write delay and WSNM of proposed cell is significantly same as that of CON 6T and read decoupled SRAM cells but its RSNM is similar to read decoupled SRAM cells. Proposed SRAM cell has simulated at 45 nm technology PTM files for estimating its design metrics by using HSPICE circuit simulator. The proposed design achieves 27%/36%/82%/32%/26% improvement in TRA as compared to 6T/CON D10T/9T/TG 8T/ST- 10T. An improvement of 66%/55%/72% in RSNM was observed as compared to 6T/TG8T/ST- 10T. The proposed design consumes 39%/19%/22% less power during hold mode @ VDD =0.7 V as compared to CON D10T/9T/ ST-10T. Keywords: FBB and VGND techniques, read current, read delay, RSNM, WSNM Cite this Article Gupta R, Rajput AS, Saxena N. Design of 10T SRAM Cell for Low Power and High Speed Applications. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 16–27p.
Implementation of Weighted Round Robin Algorithm in Shared Bus Architectures
Abstract The application domain of System-On-Chips (SoC) includes mobile devices, end terminals, multimedia terminals, automotive, set-top-boxes, games, processors etc. The SoC design paradigm relies heavily on reuse of intellectual property cores, enabling designers to focus on functionality and performance of the overall system. This is possible if IP cores are equipped with highly optimized interface for plug and play insertion into communication architecture. To this purpose the virtual Socket Interface Alliance represents an attempt to set the characteristics of industry wide, thus facilitating the match of pre-designed software and hardware blocks from multiple sources. The SoC interconnect must be designed and optimized to support a heterogeneous mix of data paths which may inherently have widely varying performance characteristics. The fabric must reliably deliver the required throughput and hide latency for performance critical paths while simultaneously managing the flow of traffic for slower paths and ports requiring lower bandwidth. Thus the system bus as a whole must strike the appropriate between latency and throughput for the collection data paths. Optimizing around this balance is essential to minimizing power, performance, area (PPA) costs and avoiding an inefficient, over-designed SoC. Keywords: SoC, multiprocessor, arbiter, interconnect, arbitration Cite this Article Tejas Patel, Devendra Patle. Implementation of Weighted Round Robin Algorithm in Shared Bus Architectures. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 34–40p.
Distributed Control System Using Wired Communication Channel
Abstract This paper addresses the important aspects of RS-485 as a wired system for successful data transmission design. Wired distributed control system offers flexibility in the design and implementation at low cost and such can be applied in many useful situations. While designing distributed control system, the difficulties arises both in basic safety correctness properties as well as in achieving high performance. Hence the main objective of this research is to provide brief information about RS-485 which defines the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers that could be used to implement a balanced multipoint transmission line. This work focuses on the distributed control system in which RS-485 is used for point to point communication and providing a choice of drivers, receivers depending on the cable length, number of nodes and also to conserve power. The advantage of the proposed system is that it can handle the growing amount of work or complexity of the network. This model consists of a master and multiple slaves to control and monitor different sensors and actuators of the system. Communication between master and slaves is established using RS- 485 bus. For easiness, comfort and safety a GUI using visual basic is implemented. Keywords: Distributed control System, RS-485, wired communication, master and slave Cite this Article Pramod U. Chavan, Ramadevi. R, M. Murugan et al. Distributed Control System using Wired Communication Channel. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 28–33p.
Modelling & Simulation Of Fuzzy Logic Based Controller For Energy Storage System
Abstract The problem of transient stability in multimachine model is a semi-infinite optimization problem for nonlinear phenomenon in network of energy storage system. As this involves several sets of differential equations and algebraic constraints; therefore the application of several mathematical programming techniques won’t be enough to solve the problem. In the past several ad hoc algorithms had been proposed. This study presents a new methodology to restore the transient stability by modelling the energy storage system based on optimal power flow control using fuzzy logic based controller. The proposed methodology can be used for both dispatching and redispatching energy while overcoming transient stability constraints. We’ve also presented a statistical comparison with the existing stochastic dynamic methods. Keywords: Energy storage system, battery management system, robust control Cite this Article Archana Sahu, Uma Shankar Patel. Modelling & Simulation of Fuzzy Logic Based Controller for Energy Storage System. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 9–15p.
Data Driven Controller Design For Distributed Power Sources In Microgrid
Abstract Using renewable power sources requires controlled procedures to accomplish satisfactory stabile levels of power transmission and keep up with grid power deviation. Additionally, these methodologies in a perfect world require no pre-information of the grid structure, and as meagre correspondence with neighbouring power sources as would be prudent. As a next stride, we concentrate on how the power can be dispatched from different power hotspots for enhanced grid productivity. Microgrids can convey customary as well as renewable power sources to bolster remote power distributions. The control goal is to limit a cost and power storage capacity that can be acclimated to mirror the craving to limit critical cost as well as component failures. Microgrids in isolation often require time based reconfigurations as a result of the structure of grid. A proportional grid model approximates the grid structure which was later affirmed in accordance with the behavioural variationality of grid. For decentralized operations, we present the distributed control utilizing co-simulated fuzzified analytic hierarchy process keeping in mind the end goal to take care of the issue of grid stability. The execution of the joined framework is validated through numerical simulation. Keywords: Distributed power sources; Microgrid; Decentralized Control Cite this Article Kirti Yadav, Uma Shankar Patel. Data Driven Controller Design for Distributed Power Sources in Microgrid. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 1–8p.