Sustainable Energy Integration: A Holistic Review of Microgrid Advancements and Future Prospects

Abstract

The escalating global energy crisis, coupled with growing apprehensions about fuel depletion, electricity scarcities, and the escalating threat of global warming, underscores the urgency of seeking sustainable solutions. Clean and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power offer potential remedies through distributed generators. Microgrids, positioned as crucial interfaces linking power generated by distributed generators based on renewable energy resources to the broader power system, have emerged as a focal point in contemporary research. Recent studies in microgrid research emphasize the incorporation of microgrid technology at the load level. Conventional power grids are gradually becoming obsolete due to the intricate challenges associated with protecting and controlling multiple interconnected distributed generators. Microgrids present viable alternatives to traditional grids, serving as integrated platforms for micro resources-based distributed generators, storage equipment, loads, and voltage source converters in a condensed footprint. Microgrids can be configured to operate in grid-connected or standalone modes, contingent on factors such as generation, integration potential with the main grid, and consumer requirements. The integration of microgrids, based on distributed energy resources, into conventional power systems, is paving the way for a new power paradigm. However, concerns persist regarding the control, protection, operational stability, and reliability of grids. Real-time implementation and commercialization of microgrids remain elusive, necessitating effective solutions. This review comprehensively delineates concerns related to the technical and economic aspects of microgrids, encompassing challenges, the role of microgrids in smart grid development, identified flaws, and potential future trajectories.