Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Studies on Development of a Super Adsorbent Polymer for the Removal of Nitrogenous Waste Products from Urine Samples and in Intestinal Fluid Simulator

Hamid Tayebi khosroshahi, Iraj Alipourfard, Maryam Iman, Ramin Karimiyan, Behzad Abedi

Abstract


Introduction: Colonic dialysis (CD) has been proposed as an appropriate candidate for excretion of electrolytes, nitrogen waste products and excessive fluid using gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Methods: The GI environment simulated in terms of concentrations of nitrogenous waste products, electrolytes, temperature and pressure. In addition, 24-hour urine samples were obtained from 10 healthy adult volunteers. Adsorbing capacity of Super Adsorbent Polymer (SAP) evaluated in GI tract simulating system and urine samples. For this purpose, both of the environments treated with 10 g of synthesized polymer at 37°C. Results: The average concentration of urea, creatinine and uric acid in the urine samples were 33.66 g/L, 928.7 mg/L and 385.8 mg/L. After SAP treating, the average concentration of urea, creatinine and uric acid in the simulating system were increased into 64.68 g/L, 945.1 mg/L and 546.3 mg/L, respectively. SAP adsorbed up to 4200% of its weight in urine samples. Intestinal fluid simulator contain 1600 mg/dl urea, 116.7 mg/dl creatinine, and 125.8 mg/dl uric acid in a day. SAP adsorbed up to 4000% of its weight in intestinal fluid simulator. The average amount of urea, creatinine and uric acid in the simulating system were increased into 1710 mg/dl, 118.9 mg/dl and 149.8mg/dl, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The present study established that CD can be an appropriate method for excretion of electrolytes, nitrogen waste products and excessive fluid from GI tract. Therefore, it can be claimed that the intestine can substitute some function of the kidney in clearance of nitrogenous waste products and other toxins.

Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD); End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD); Colonic Dialysis (CD); Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP); Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

Cite this Article

Hamid Tayebi khosroshahi, Iraj Alipourfard, Maryam Iman, Ramin Karimiyan, Behzad Abedi. Studies on Development of a Super Adsorbent Polymer for the Removal of Nitrogenous Waste Products from Urine Samples and in Intestinal Fluid Simulator. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2022; 10(2): 1-7p. 

AUTHOR'S CORRECTION NOTICE

Studies on Development of a Superadsorbent Polymer for the Removal of Nitrogenous Waste Products from Urine Samples and in Intestinal Fluid Simulator [Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2022; Journal of Polymer & Composites. 10(2): 1-7p]

https://engineeringjournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/JoPC/article/view/6077


Full Text:

PDF

References


Levey, A.S., J. Coresh, Chronic kidney disease. The lancet. 2012; 379 (9811): 165–180.

Asadzadeh, S., Khosroshahi HT, Abedi B, et al., Renal structural image processing techniques: a systematic review. Renal Failure. 2019; 41 (1): 57–68.

Khosroshahi, H.T., B. Abedi. Clinicopathologic Discrepancy Between Renal Pathology Reports and Clinical Outcome. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2017; 208 (6): W240–W240.

Friedman EA. Can the bowel substitute for the kidney in advanced renal failure?. Current medical research and opinion. 2009; 25 (8): 1913–1918.

Antlanger, M., Hecking, M., Haidinger, M., et al., Fluid overload in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study to determine its association with cardiac biomarkers and nutritional status. BMC nephrology. 2013; 14 (1): 266.

Khosroshahi, H.T., Abedi B, Daneshvar S, et al., Cross-linked Polyelectrolyte and Its Function in Adsorption of Fluid and Excess Nitrogen Waste Products: an Experimental Study on Dialysate Effluent Fluid. Iranian journal of kidney diseases. 2017; 11 (4): 294–302.

Verberne WR, van den Wittenboer ID, Voorend CG, et al. Health-related quality of life and symptoms of conservative care versus dialysis in patients with end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2021 Aug; 36 (8): 1418–1433.

van de Luijtgaarden, M.W., et al., Conservative care in Europe—nephrologists’ experience with the decision not to start renal replacement therapy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2013. 28 (10): p. 2604–2612.

Miskowiak, J. Continuous intestinal dialysis for uraemia by intermittent oral intake of non-absorbable solutions: an experimental study. Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 1991; 25 (1): 71–74.

Khosroshahi, H.T., K. Kalantar-Zadeh. Dialysis Free Protocol for Some End Stage Renal Disease Patients (Khosroshahi Protocol). Functional Foods in Health and Disease. 2012; 2 (8): 300–306.

Khosroshahi, H.T. and B. Abedi. Adsorbing Capacity Of Cross Linked Pollyelectrolyte (CLP) In Effluent Fluid Of Hemodialysis Patients: An Experimental Study. in nephrology dialysis transplantation. 2017. Oxford univ press great clarendon st, oxford OX2 6DP, ENGLAND.

Costanzo, M.R., Heywood JT, Massie BM, et al., A double‐blind, randomized, parallel, placebo‐controlled study examining the effect of cross‐linked polyelectrolyte in heart failure patients with chronic kidney disease. European journal of heart failure, 2012. 14 (8): p. 922–930.

Zohourian, M.M. and K. Kabiri, Superabsorbent polymer materials: a review. Iranian Polymer Journal. 2008; 17 (6): 447–451.

Mahkam, M., L. Doostie, S. Siadat. Synthesis and characterization of acrylic type hydrogels containing azo derivatives of 5-amino salicylic acid for colon-specific drug delivery. Inflammopharmacology. 2006; 14 (1): 72–75.

Rizwan, M., Yahya R, Hassan A, Yar M, et al., pH sensitive hydrogels in drug delivery: Brief history, properties, swelling, and release mechanism, material selection and applications. Polymers. 2017; 9 (4): 137.

Barakat, N.S., Al-Suwayeh SA, Taha EI, et al., A new pressure-controlled colon delivery capsule for chronotherapeutic treatment of nocturnal asthma. Journal of drug targeting. 2011. 19 (5): 365–372.

He, H., Shen M, Sun W, et al. Influence of colonic dialysis using Chinese medicine on creatinine decomposition by intestinal bacteria in uremia rats. American journal of translational research. 2019; 11 (10): 6577.

Tayebi Khosroshahi, H., Vaziri ND, Abedi B, et al., Effect of high amylose resistant starch (HAM‐RS2) supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial. Hemodialysis International. 2018; 22 (4): 492–500.

Laffin, M.R., Tayebi Khosroshahi H, Park H, et al., Amylose resistant starch (HAM‐RS2) supplementation increases the proportion of Faecalibacterium bacteria in end‐stage renal disease patients: Microbial analysis from a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Hemodialysis International, 2019; 23 (3): 343–347.

Khosroshahi, H.T., Abedi B, Ghojazadeh M, et al., Effects of fermentable high fiber diet supplementation on gut derived and conventional nitrogenous product in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition & metabolism. 2019; 16 (1): 1–8.

Ma, X., G. Wen, Development history and synthesis of super-absorbent polymers: a review. Journal of Polymer Research. 2020; 27 (6): 1–12.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.