Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
Competency of Natural Fiber Based Eco-Friendly Friction Lining Composites Over the Conventional Friction Material
Abstract
The Braking system is important system of automobiles and is responsible for providing better performance and safety. A Millions of automobiles are frequently decelerated and stopped at heavy traffic zone. Overall performance of vehicle braking system depends on braking conditions and brake material. All friction based application releases wear products; either gaseous form or particulate matter form and braking system is prime source of non exhaust particulate matter emission. The Friction lining material is composed of various ingredients and its selection is based on experimental trials and fundamental understanding. The number of ingredients decided to achieve best braking performance at different working environments and loading conditions, in terms of the wear rate, friction level and noise level, At present, braking system facing technical challenges related to thermal stability, fade, abnormal noise, wear rate & environmental issues with existing semi metallic, low metallic material and asbestos based friction material. The present work aims to explore the influence of non exhaust particulate matter on human health; environment and focuses on featured eco-friendly friction lining composite materials (FLM) prepared from organic farm waste with desired percentage. This helps to understand the depth of natural fiber in FLM tested with best possible combinations and this found effective through comparative studies. It helps in reducing the load of natural waste disposal and reduces toxic elements at source.
Keywords
References
Grigoratos, T., Martini, G. Brake wear particle emissions: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2014; 22(4): 2491–2504. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3696-8
Liati, A., Schreiber, D., Lugovyy, D., et.al. Airborne particulate matter emissions from vehicle brakes in micro- and nano-scales: Morphology and chemistry by electron microscopy. Atmospheric Environment. 2019; 212, 281–289. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.05.037
Rashid B. R., Leman, Z. M., Jawaid, M. undefined, Ishak, M. undefined, & Al-Oqla, F. undefined. (2017). Eco-Friendly Composites for Brake Pads FromAgro Waste: A Review. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803581-8.10159-6
Shupert, L. A., Ebbs, S. D., Lawrence, J., et.al. Dissolution of copper and iron from automotive brake pad wear debris enhances growth and accumulation by the invasive macrophyte Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Chemosphere. 2013; 92(1): 45–51. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.002
Lyu, Y., Leonardi, M., Wahlström, J., et.al. Friction, wear and airborne particle emission from Cu-free brake materials. Tribology International. 2020; 141, 105959. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2019.105959
Dhir, B., Sharmila, P., Saradhi, P. P., et.al. Heavy metal induced physiological alterations in Salvinia natans. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2011; 74(6): 1678–1684. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.05.009
Boulanger, B., Nikolaidis, N. P. Mobility And Aquatic Toxicity Of Copper In An Urban Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2003; 39(2): 325–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04387.
Nason, J. A., Bloomquist, D. J., Sprick, M. S. Factors Influencing Dissolved Copper Concentrations in Oregon Highway Storm Water Runoff. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2012; 138(7): 734–742. doi: 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000537
Copper-free brake initiative (2015). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[online]. Available from https ://www.epa.gov/npdes/copper-free-brake-initiative.
Park, S.H. Types and Health Hazards of Fibrous Materials Used as Asbestos Substitutes. Safety and Health at Work. 2018; 9(3): 360–364. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.05.001
Pujari, S., Srikiran, S. Experimental investigations on wear properties of Palm kernel reinforced composites for brake pad applications. Defence Technology. 2019; 15(3): 295–299. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2018.11.006
Sutikno, Pramujati, B., Safitri, S. D., et.al. Characteristics of natural fiber reinforced composite for brake pads material. 2018; 1983(1). doi: 10.1063/1.5046282
Kumar, N., Singh, T., Grewal, J. S., et.al. Experimental investigation on the physical, mechanical and tribological properties of hemp fiber-based non-asbestos organic brake friction composites. Materials Research Express. 2019; 6(8): 085710. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab2399
Madeswaran, A., Natarajasundaram, B., Ramamoorthy, B. (2016). Reformation of Eco-Friendly Automotive Brake Pad by Using Natural Fibre Composites. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi: 10.4271/2016-28-0164
Arman, M., Singhal, S., Chopra, P., et.al. A review on material and wear analysis of automotive Break Pad. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2018; 5(14): 28305–28312. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.114
Jadhav, S., & Sawant, S. A review paper: Development of novel friction material for vehicle brake pad application to minimize environmental and health issues. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019; 19: 209–212. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.703
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2007) Current Best Practices for Preventing Asbestos Exposure Among Brake and Clutch Repair Workers[online]. Available from https://www.epa.gov/asbestos/current-best-practices-preventing-asbestos-exposure-among-brake-and-clutch-repair-0
Singh, T., Tiwari, A., Patnaik, A., et.al. Influence of wollastonite shape and amount on tribo-performance of non-asbestos organic brake friction composites. Wear. 2017; 386-387: 157–164. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2017.06.011
Straffelini, G., Ciudin, R., Ciotti, A., et.al. Present knowledge and perspectives on the role of copper in brake materials and related environmental issues: A critical assessment. Environmental Pollution. 2015; 207: 211–219. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.024
Sandahl, J. F., Miyasaka, G., Koide, N., et.al. Olfactory inhibition and recovery in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) following copper exposure. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2006; 63(8): 1840–1847. doi: 10.1139/f06-074
raujo, J.A., Nel, A.E. Particulate matter and atherosclerosis: role of particle size, composition and oxidative stress. Part FibreToxicol. 2009; 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-24
Kelly, F.J., Fussell, J.C. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. Environ Geochem Health . 2015; 37: 631–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1
Pope, C., Mays, N., Popay, J. Synthesizing Qualitative and Quantitative Health Evidence: A Guide to Methods. U. K: Mcgraw Hill Education. 2008.
Schober. Advanced nursing practice: an emerging global phenomenon. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2006; 55(3): 275-276.
Varrica D.,Bardelli F., Dongarra G., et.al. Speciation of Sb in airborne particular matter, vehicle brake linings, and brake pad wear residues. Atmospheric Environment. 2013; 64:18-24. Doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.201208067
Richard Harrison. Crowdfunding and the revitalisation of the early stage risk capital market: catalyst or chimera?, Venture Capital. 2013; 15(4): 283-287. DOI: 10.1080/13691066.2013.852331
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for asbestos. Atlanta (GA): ATSDR; 2001.
World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the World Health Organization workshop on mechanisms of fibre carcinogenesis and assessment of chrysotile asbestos substitutes (8-12 November 2005, Lyon, France). UN, UNEP/FAO/ RC/COP.4/INF/16, 2008 Oct 9.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans: Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts, vol. 100C. Lyon: IARC; 2012.
Yun, R., Filip, P., Lu, Y. Performance and evaluation of eco-friendly brake friction materials. Tribology International. 2010; 43(11): 2010–2019. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2010.05.001
Liew, K., Nirmal, U. Frictional performance evaluation of newly designed brake pad materials. Materials & Design. 2013; 48: 25–33. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.055
Liu Y, Lv X, Bao J, et.al. Characterization of silane treated and untreated natural cellulosic fiber from corn stalk waste as potential reinforcement in polymer composites Carbohydrate Polym. 2019; 218: 179–187
Liu Y, MaY, Yu J, et.al. Development and characterization of alkali treated abaca fiber reinforced friction composites Compos. Interfaces. 2019; 26: 67–82.
Ravikumar, K., Pridhar, T. Evaluation on properties and characterization of asbestos free palm kernel shell fibre (PKSF)/polymer composites for brake pads. Materials Research Express. 2019; 6(11): 1165d2. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab502d
Ma, Y., Shen, S., Tong, J., et.al. Effects of bamboo fibers on friction performance of friction materials. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 2012; 26(6): 845–859. doi: 10.1177/0892705712461513
Pujari, S., Srikiran, S. Experimental investigations on wear properties of Palm kernel reinforced composites for brake pad applications. Defence Technology. 2019; 15(3): 295–299. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2018.11.006
Ishola, M., Oladimeji, O., Paul, K. Development of Ecofriendly Automobile Brake Pad Using Different Grade Sizes of Palm Kernel Shell Powder. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 2017; 23(2): 1–14. doi: 10.9734/cjast/2017/35766
Yawas, D., Aku, S., Amaren, S. Morphology and properties of periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences. 2016; 28(1): 103–109. doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2013.11.002
Amaren, S. Evaluation of the wear and thermal properties of asbestos free brake pad using periwinkles shell particles. Usak University Journal of Material Sciences. 2013; 2(1): 99–99. doi: 10.12748/uujms/20131714
Yawas, D.S., Aku, S.Y., Amaren, S. Morphology and properties of periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences. 2016; 28(1): 103-109. doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2013.11.002.
Xin, X., Xu, C.G., Qing, L.F. Friction properties of sisal fibre reinforced resin brake composites. Wear. 2007; 262: 736–741.
Maleque, M., Atiqah, A., Talib, R., et.al. New natural fibre reinforced aluminium composite for automotive brake pad. IJMME. 2012; 7:166–170.
Maleque, M., Atiqah, A. Development and characterization of coir fibre reinforced composite brake friction materials. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2013; 38: 3191–3199.
Idris, U.D., Aigbodion, V.S., Abubakar, I.J. Eco-friendly asbestos free brake-pad: Using banana peels. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences. 2015; 27(2): 185–192.
Aigbodion, V., Akadike, U., Hassan, S. Development of asbestos-free brake pad using bagasse. Tribology in Industry. 2010; 32: 12–18.
Kukutschová, J., Filip, P. Review of Brake Wear Emissions. Non-Exhaust Emissions. 2018: 123–146. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811770-5.00006-6
A report of transportatopn and logistics by Statista GmbHJohannes-Brahms-Platz 120355 Hamburg Germany
Pujari, S., Srikiran, S.Experimental investigations on wear properties of Palm kernel reinforced composites for brake pad applications. Defence Technology. 2019; 15(3): 295–299. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2018.11.006
Kumar, N., Singh, T., Grewal, J. S., et.al. Experimental investigation on the physical, mechanical and tribological properties of hemp fiber-based non-asbestos organic brake friction composites. Materials Research Express. 2019; 6(8): 085710. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab2399
Guan, Q. F.; Li, G. Y.; Wang, H. Y. et.al. Friction-wear characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced friction material. Journal of Materials Science. 2004; 39: 641– 643.
Qin, Q.D.; Zhao, Y.G.; Zhou, W. Dry sliding wear behavior of Mg2Si/Al composites against automobile friction material. Wear. 2008; 264: 654–661
Ma, Y.; Liu, Y.; Shang, W, et.al. Tribological and mechanical properties of pine needle fiber reinforced friction composites under dry sliding conditions. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances. 2014; 4: 36777–36783.
Kumar, Supriya, et al. Kumar Et Al. Respond. American Journal of Public Health. 2014; 104(1). doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301676.
Balakrishna, K., Rath, A., Praveenkumarreddy, Y., et.al. A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2017;137: 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.014
Mahale, Vishal, Jayashree Bijwe. Role of Thermal Conductivity in Controlling the Tribo-Performance of Non-Asbestos Organic Brake-Pads. Journal of Composite Materials. 2020; 54(27): 4145-4155.
Ma, Y.; Liu, Y.; Shang, W.; Gao, Z.; Wang, H.; Guoab, L.; Tong, J. Tribological and mechanical properties of pine needle fiber reinforced friction composites under dry sliding conditions. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 4 (2014) 36777–36783.
Park, J., Chung, J., Kim, H. Friction characteristics of brake pads with aramid fiber and acrylic fiber. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology. 2010; 62(2): 91–98.
Aranganathan, N., Bijwe, J. Development of Copper-free Eco-Friendly Brake-Friction Material using Novel Ingredients. Wear. 2016; 352-353: 79-91.
Leonardia, M., Menapacea, C., Matějka, V., et.al. Pin-On-Disc Investigation On Copper-Free Friction Materials Dry Sliding Against Cast Iron. Tribology International. 2018; 119:73-81.
Gopal, P., Dharani, L.R., Frank, D. Blum. Hybrid phenolic friction composites containing Kevlar pulp Part II-wear surface characteristics. Wear. 1996; 193: 180-185.
Arrangnathan, N.; Bijwe, J. Fiber-Surface Quality Enhancement to Improve the Performance Properties of Friction Materials. Journal of Tribology.2017; 139: 1-9.
Xie, F., Hu, W., Ning, D., et.al. ZnO nanowires decoration on carbon fiber via hydrothermal synthesis for paper-based friction materials with improved friction and wear properties. Ceramics International. 2017; 11: 215-224.
Satapathy, B.; Bijwe, J. Composite friction materials based on organic fibres: Sensitivity of friction and wear to operating variables. Composites: Part A. 2006; 37: 1557–1567
Matejka, V.; Fu, Z.; Kukutschova, J.; et.al. Jute fibers and powderized hazelnut shells as natural fillers in nonasbestos organic non-metallic friction composites. Materials and Design. 2013; 51: 847–853.
Qi, S., Fu, Z.; Yun, R.; et.al. Effects of walnut shells on friction and wear performance of eco-friendly brake friction composites. Journal of Engineering Tribology. 2014; 228: 511–520.
Kato, T., Magario, A. The Wear of Aramid Fiber Reinforced Brake Pads: The Role of AramidbFibers. Tribology transactions. 1994; 37: 559-565.
A report of transportatopn and logistics by Statista GmbHJohannes-Brahms-Platz 120355 Hamburg, Germany.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.