Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Nano-mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of advance ultrafine graphite reinforced unsaturated polyester based prosthesis layup resin

Himel Chakraborty, Ananda Podder

Abstract


A new durable biomedical composite for prosthesis was designed to obtain enhance mechanical and viscoelastic properties, in particular nanohardness and young’s modulus. The nanoindentation technique was employed to investigate nano-scale mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin and its advance prosthesis lay-up nanocomposite resin with different amount of exfoliated graphite fillers loading. It has been observed that the young’s modulus of the nanocomposites gradually increase with increasing amount of reinforcement content. With incorporation of 1.0 wt.% exfoliated graphite into polymer matrix, the nanohardness and elastic modulus are improved by about 23% and 37%, respectively. The young’s modulus data obtained by nanoindentation are compared with those obtained by flexural testing. The studies prove that nanoindentation is an effective tool for advance applied biomedical polymer nanocomposites.


Keywords


Nanocomposites; Mechanical property; Nanoindentation

Full Text:

PDF

References


Scholz MS, Blanchfield JP, Bloom LD, et al. The use of composite materials in modern orthopaedic medicine and prosthetic devices: A review. Compos Sci Technol. 2011; 71(16):1791-12p.

Nolan KJ, Savalia KK, Yarossi M, et al. Evaluation of a dynamic ankle foot orthosis in hemiplegic gait: A case report. Neurorehabilitation. 2010; 27(4): 343-7p.

Ramakrishna S, Mayer J, Wintermantel E, et al. Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review. Compos Sci Technol. 2001; 61(9):1189-35p.

Su D, Li X, Luo Y. Anisotropic flexible mechanical design of prosthetic socket liner. Int J Appl Electromagnetics Mech. 2016; 52(3-4):1287-6p.

Lane JP. Development, evaluation and marketing of assistive devices. Technology Disabil. 1997; 6(1-2):105-25p.

Heo p, Gu GM, Lee SJ, et al. Current hand exoskeleton technologies for rehabilitation and assistive engineering. Int J Precis Eng Man. 2012: 13(5):807-17p.

Philbin TM, Leyes M, Sferra JJ, et al. Orthotic and prosthetic devices in partial foot amputations. Foot and Ankle Clinic. 2001; 6(2):215-28p.

Philen M. On the applicability of fluidic flexible matrix composite variable impedance materials for prosthetic and orthotic devices. Smart Mater Struct. 2009; 18(20): 104023-10p.

Hench LL, Polak JM. Third-generation biomedical materials. Science. 2002; 295(5557):1014-3p.

Nolan L. Carbon fibre prostheses and running in amputees: A review. Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2008; 14(3):125-4p.

Lechler K, Lilja M. Lower extremity leg amputation: an advantage in running. Sports Technol. 2008; 1(4-5):229-5p.

Jiang W, Batra RC. Indentation of a laminated composite plate with an interlayer rectangular void. Compos Sci Technol. 2010; 70(6): 1023-7p.

Bougherara H, Zdero R, Dubov A, et al. A preliminary biomechanical study of a novel carbon–fibre hip implant versus standard metallic hip implants. Med Eng Phys. 2011; 33(1):121-7p.

Fuss FK. Closing the gap through technology. Sport Technol. 2008; 1(4-5):169-2p.

Wong SC, Sutherland EM, Uhl FM. Materials Processes of Graphite Nanostructured Composites Using Ball Milling. Mater Manuf Process. 2006; 21(2):159-7p.

Chen GH, Wu DJ, Weng WG, et al. Preparation of polymer/graphite conducting nanocomposite by intercalation polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci. 2001; 82(10):2506-7p.

Jang J, Oh JH, Stucky GD. Fabrication of Ultrafine Conducting Polymer and Graphite Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie. 2002; 41(21):4016-3p.

Szabó T, Szeri A, Dékány I. Composite graphitic nanolayers prepared by self-assembly between finely dispersed graphite oxide and a cationic polymer. Carbon. 2005; 43(1):87-7p.

Li B, Zhong WH. Review on polymer/graphite nanoplatelet nanocomposites. J Mater Sci. 2011; 46(17): 5595-29p.

Cepak VM, Martin CR. Preparation of Polymeric Micro- and Nanostructures Using a Template-Based Deposition Method. Chem. Mater. 1999; 11(5):1363-4p.

Kurth DG, Severin N, Rabe JP. Perfectly Straight Nanostructures of Metallosupramolecular Coordination-Polyelectrolyte Amphiphile Complexes on Graphite. Angewandte Chemie. 2002; 41(19): 3681-2p.

Carrillo A, Swartz JA, Gamba JM, et al. Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes with Polymer Multilayers and Gold Nanoparticles. Nano Letters. 2003; 3(10): 1437-3p.

Zhang LL, Zhao S, Tian XN, et al. Layered Graphene Oxide Nanostructures with Sandwiched Conducting Polymers as Supercapacitor Electrodes. Langmuir. 2010; 26(22): 17624-4p.

Chen G, Wu C, Weng W, et al. Preparation of polystyrene/graphite nanosheet composite. Polym. 2003; 44(6): 1781-3p.

Dékány I, Krüger-Grasser R, Weiss A. Selective liquid sorption properties of hydrophobized graphite oxide nanostructures. Colloid Polym Sci. 1998; 276(7): 570-6p.

Yu A, Ramesh P, Sun X, et al. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity in a Hybrid Graphite Nanoplatelet - Carbon Nanotube Filler for Epoxy Composites. Advan Mater. 2008; 20(24): 4740-4p.

Gleiter H. Nanostructured materials: state of the art and perspectives. Nanostruct Mater. 1995; 6(1-4): 3-11p.

Yasmin A, Luo JJ, Daniel IM. Processing of expanded graphite reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Compos Sci Tech. 2006; 66(9): 1182-7p.

Sengupta R, Bhattacharya M, Bandyopadhyay S, et al. A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer composites. Progress Polym Sci. 2011; 36(5):638-32p.

Pan YX, Yu ZZ, Ou YC, et al. A new process of fabricating electrically conducting nylon 6/graphite nanocomposites via intercalation polymerization. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 2000; 38(12): 1626-7p.

Kalaitzidou K, Fukushima H, Drzal LT. Mechanical properties and morphological characterization of exfoliated graphite–polypropylene nanocomposites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2007; 38(7): 1675-7p.

Tjong SC. Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng R. 2006; 53(3-4): 73-124p.

Yasmin A, Daniel IM. Mechanical and thermal properties of graphite platelet/epoxy composites. Polym. 2004; 45(24): 8211-8p.

Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, et al. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites at Low Graphene Content. ACS Nano. 2009; 3(12): 3884-6p.

Cai D, Song M. Recent advance in functionalized graphene/polymer nanocomposites. J Mater Chem. 2010; 20(37):7906-9p.

Zheng W, Lu X, Wong SC. Electrical and mechanical properties of expanded graphite-reinforced high-density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004; 91(5): 2781-7p.

Yang J, Tian M, Jia QX, et al. Improved mechanical and functional properties of elastomer/graphite nanocomposites prepared by latex compounding. Acta Mater. 2007; 55(18):6372-10p.

Lu W, Lin H, Wu D, et al. Unsaturated polyester resin/graphite nanosheet conducting composites with a low percolation threshold. Polym. 2006; 47(12): 4440-4p.

Shih YF, Wang YT, Jeng RJ, et al. Expandable graphite systems for phosphorus-containing unsaturated polyesters. I. Enhanced thermal properties and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab. 2004; 86(2): 339-5p.

Devi MS, Murugesan V, Rengaraj K, et al. Utilization of flyash as filler for unsaturated polyester resin. J Appl Polym Sci. 1998; 69(7): 1385-6p.

Hashmi SAR, Dwivedi UK, Chand N. Graphite modified cotton fibre reinforced polyester composites under sliding wear conditions. Wear. 2007; 262(11-12): 1426-6p.

Shih YF. Expandable Graphite Systems for Phosphorus-Containing Unsaturated Polyester. Macromol Chem Phys. 2005; 206(3): 383-9p.

Wang H, Zhang H, Chen G. Preparation of unsaturated polyester/graphite nanosheet conducting composite under electric field. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2007; 38(10): 2116-4p.

Manocha LM. Effect of carbon fiber surface-treatment on mechanical properties of C/C composites. Carbon. 1988; 26(3):333-4p.

Shih YF, Jeng RJ. Carbon black containing IPNs based on unsaturated polyester/epoxy. I. Dynamic mechanical properties, thermal analysis, and morphology. J Appl Polym Sci. 2002; 86(8): 1904-6p.

Zhou J, Lucas JP. The effects of a water environment on anomalous absorption behavior in graphite/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol. 1995; 53(1): 57-7p.

Bora C, Bharali P, Baglari S, et al. Strong and conductive reduced graphene oxide/polyester resin composite films with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability and its antibacterial activity. Compos Sci Technol. 2013; 87(18): 1-6p.

She Y, Chen G, Wu D. Fabrication of polyethylene/graphite nanocomposite from modified expanded graphite. Polym Int. 2007; 56(5): 679-6p.

Foy JV, Lindt JT. Electrical properties of exfoliated-graphite filled polyester based composites. Polym Compos. 1987; 8(6): 419-7p.

Schoenmaker BD, Van der Schueren L, Vrieze SD, et al. Wicking properties of various polyamide nanofibrous structures with an optimized method. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011; 120(1): 305-5p.

Chakraborty H, Ray D, Chattopadhyay PP. Mechanical and tribological behavior of alumina and alumina-CNT reinforced hybrid unsaturated polyester composites. Polym Compos. 2016; 37(5): 1577-9p.

Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD, et al. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon. 2007; 45(7): 1558-7p.

Oliver WC, Pharr GM. Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology. J Mater Res. 2004; 19(1):3-17p.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.