Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC CHANGES ONTO THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES: APPLICATION TO DRIVING RANGE
Abstract
The paper has the goal of developing a methodological process to predict electric vehicle driving range under the influence of sudden temperature changes in intercity routes due to variable climatic conditions. The model is based on the combined effects of discharge rate and temperature changes on the performance of a lithium battery; the model predicts the driving range using the dynamic driving conditions to determine the Depth-Of-Discharge (DOD) at any interval of the route, so the real State-Of-Charge (SOC) of the battery at a specific time can be obtained from the initial state. Driving range is, therefore, determined as the sum of the interval’s time from the initial the final set up state. The numerical simulation has proven that there is a reduction of 2% in distance for a temperature variation range of 5º C, from 15º C to 20º C, which results in a gradient of 0.4%/ºC. This gradient, however, is not constant since it has been found to be dependent on the temperature range, increasing as the temperature range lowers and vice versa. Simulations have been run for three temperature ranges, low (-20º C to 0º C), medium (0º C to 25º C) and high (25º C to 45º C). The results of these simulation have shown that driving range is increased as temperature range raises and diminishes as temperature range lowers. Gradient is of 0.31 %/ºC for the low temperature range, of 0.08 %/ºC for the medium range, and -0.02 %/ºC for the high temperature range.
Keywords
References
Hao, X., Wang, H., Lin, Z., & Ouyang, M. (2020). Seasonal effects on electric vehicle energy consumption and driving range: A case study on personal, taxi, and ridesharing vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 249, 119403.
Jung, H., Silva, R., & Han, M. (2018). Scaling trends of electric vehicle performance: Driving range, fuel economy, peak power output, and temperature effect. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 9(4), 46.
Iora, P., & Tribioli, L. (2019). Effect of ambient temperature on electric vehicles’ energy consumption and range: Model definition and sensitivity analysis based on nissan leaf data. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 10(1), 2.
Smuts, M., Scholtz, B., & Wesson, J. (2017, July). A critical review of factors influencing the remaining driving range of electric vehicles. In 2017 1st International Conference on Next Generation Computing Applications (NextComp) (pp. 196-201). IEEE.
Zhou, L., Zheng, Y., Ouyang, M., & Lu, L. (2017). A study on parameter variation effects on battery packs for electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 364, 242-252.
Liu, G., Lu, L., Li, J., & Ouyang, M. (2013, October). Thermal modeling of a LiFePO 4/graphite battery and research on the influence of battery temperature rise on EV driving range estimation. In 2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Liu, K., Wang, J., Yamamoto, T., & Morikawa, T. (2018). Exploring the interactive effects of ambient temperature and vehicle auxiliary loads on electric vehicle energy consumption. Applied Energy, 227, 324-331.
Younes, Z., Boudet, L., Suard, F., Gérard, M., & Rioux, R. (2013, May). Analysis of the main factors influencing the energy consum
Al-Wreikat, Y., Serrano, C., & Sodré, J. R. (2021). Driving behaviour and trip condition effects on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle under real-world driving. Applied Energy, 297, 117096.
Zhi-yong, R. (2019, December). Research on influence factors affecting driving range of flame-proof battery electric vehicles. In 2019 IEEE 4th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC) (Vol. 1, pp. 1982-1986). IEEE
Jeffers, M. A., Chaney, L., & Rugh, J. P. (2015). Climate control load reduction strategies for electric drive vehicles in warm weather (Vol. 1, No. NREL/CP-5400-63551). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).
Yuksel, T., Tamayao, M. A. M., Hendrickson, C., Azevedo, I. M., & Michalek, J. J. (2016). Effect of regional grid mix, driving patterns and climate on the comparative carbon footprint of gasoline and plug-in electric vehicles in the United States. Environmental Research Letters, 11(4), 044007.
Mao, S., Han, M., Han, X., Shao, J., Lu, Y., Lu, L., & Ouyang, M. (2021). Analysis and Improvement Measures of Driving Range Attenuation of Electric Vehicles in Winter. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(4), 239.
Wang, J., Besselink, I., & Nijmeijer, H. (2015). Electric vehicle energy consumption modelling and prediction based on road information. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 7(3), 447-458.
German, R., Shili, S., Desreveaux, A., Sari, A., Venet, P., & Bouscayrol, A. (2019). Dynamical coupling of a battery electro-thermal model and the traction model of an EV for driving range simulation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69(1), 328-337.
Mimberg, G., & Massonet, C. (2017, April). Battery concept to minimize the climate-related reduction of electric vehicles driving range. In 2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Armenta-Déu, C., & Cattin, E. (2021). Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(4), 166.
Nazari, A., & Farhad, S. (2017). Heat generation in lithium-ion batteries with different nominal capacities and chemistries. Applied Thermal Engineering, 125, 1501-1517.
Wang, S. (2015). Entropy and heat generation of lithium cells/batteries. Chinese Physics B, 25(1), 010509.
Lai, Y., Du, S., Ai, L., Ai, L., Cheng, Y., Tang, Y., & Jia, M. (2015). Insight into heat generation of lithium ion batteries based on the electrochemical-thermal model at high discharge rates. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(38), 13039-13049.
Lisbona, D., & Snee, T. (2011). A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Process safety and environmental protection, 89(6), 434-442.
Du, S., Lai, Y., Ai, L., Ai, L., Cheng, Y., Tang, Y., & Jia, M. (2017). An investigation of irreversible heat generation in lithium ion batteries based on a thermo-electrochemical coupling method. Applied Thermal Engineering, 121, 501-510.
Liu, G., Ouyang, M., Lu, L., Li, J., & Han, X. (2014). Analysis of the heat generation of lithium-ion battery during charging and discharging considering different influencing factors. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 116(2), 1001-1010.
Nazari, A. (2016). Heat Generation in Lithium-ion Batteries (Doctoral dissertation, University of Akron).
Diaz, L. B., Hales, A., Marzook, M. W., Patel, Y., & Offer, G. (2022). Measuring Irreversible Heat Generation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: An Experimental Methodology. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 169(3), 030523.
Bandhauer, T. M., Garimella, S., & Fuller, T. F. (2011). A critical review of thermal issues in lithium-ion batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158(3), R1.
Zhang, J., Huang, J., Li, Z., Wu, B., Nie, Z., Sun, Y., ... & Wu, N. (2014). Comparison and validation of methods for estimating heat generation rate of large-format lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 117(1), 447-461.
Onda, K., Kameyama, H., Hanamoto, T., & Ito, K. (2003). Experimental study on heat generation behavior of small lithium-ion secondary batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 150(3), A285.
Xie, Y., Shi, S., Tang, J., Wu, H., & Yu, J. (2018). Experimental and analytical study on heat generation characteristics of a lithium-ion power battery. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 122, 884-894.
Chen, Y., & Evans, J. W. (1996). Thermal analysis of lithium‐ion batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 143(9), 2708.
Zhang, J., Yang, X. G., Sun, F., Wang, Z., & Wang, C. Y. (2020). An online heat generation estimation method for lithium-ion batteries using dual-temperature measurements. Applied Energy, 272, 115262.
Eddahech, A., Briat, O., & Vinassa, J. M. (2013). Thermal characterization of a high-power lithium-ion battery: Potentiometric and calorimetric measurement of entropy changes. Energy, 61, 432-439.
Ismail, N. H. F., Toha, S. F., Azubir, N. A. M., Ishak, N. H. M., Hassan, M. K., & Ibrahim, B. S. K. (2013, December). Simplified heat generation model for lithium ion battery used in electric vehicle. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 53, No. 1, p. 012014). IOP Publishing.
Balakrishnan, P. G., Ramesh, R., & Kumar, T. P. (2006). Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. Journal of power sources, 155(2), 401-414.
Chen, K., Unsworth, G., & Li, X. (2014). Measurements of heat generation in prismatic Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 261, 28-37.
Kantharaj, R., & Marconnet, A. M. (2019). Heat generation and thermal transport in lithium-ion batteries: a scale-bridging perspective. Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 23(2), 128-156.
Gharehghani, A., Gholami, J., Shamsizadeh, P., & Mehranfar, S. (2022). Effect analysis on performance improvement of battery thermal management in cold weather. Journal of Energy Storage, 45, 103728.
Messagie, M. (2014). Life cycle analysis of the climate impact of electric vehicles. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2014, 14.
Li, N., Liu, X., Yu, B., Li, L., Xu, J., & Tan, Q. (2021). Study on the environmental adaptability of lithium-ion battery powered UAV under extreme temperature conditions. Energy, 219, 119481.
Panteli, M., & Mancarella, P. (2015). Influence of extreme weather and climate change on the resilience of power systems: Impacts and possible mitigation strategies. Electric Power Systems Research, 127, 259-270.
Xu, X., Tang, S., Yu, C., Xie, J., Han, X., & Ouyang, M. (2021). Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries based on wiener process under time-varying temperature condition. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 214, 107675.
Eddahech, A., Briat, O., & Vinassa, J. M. (2015). Performance comparison of four lithium–ion battery technologies under calendar aging. Energy, 84, 542-550.
Chen, L., Zhang, M., Ding, Y., Wu, S., Li, Y., Liang, G., ... & Pan, H. (2021). Estimation the internal resistance of lithium-ion-battery using a multi-factor dynamic internal resistance model with an error compensation strategy. Energy Reports, 7, 3050-3059.
Barai, A., Uddin, K., Widanage, W. D., McGordon, A., & Jennings, P. (2018). A study of the influence of measurement timescale on internal resistance characterisation methodologies for lithium-ion cells. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-13.
Zhang, Z. J., & Mao-De, L. I. (2010). Effect of internal resistance on temperatre rising of lithium-ion battery. Chin. J. Power Sour., 34(2), 128-130.
Wei, X., Zhu, B., & Xu, W. (2009, April). Internal resistance identification in vehicle power lithium-ion battery and application in lifetime evaluation. In 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (Vol. 3, pp. 388-392). IEEE.
Lou, T. T., Zhang, W. G., Guo, H. Y., & Wang, J. S. (2012). The internal resistance characteristics of lithium-ion battery based on HPPC method. In Advanced materials research (Vol. 455, pp. 246-251). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
Liu, G., Ouyang, M., Lu, L., Li, J., & Han, X. (2014). Analysis of the heat generation of lithium-ion battery during charging and discharging considering different influencing factors. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 116(2), 1001-1010.
Drüschler, M., Borisenko, N., Wallauer, J., Winter, C., Huber, B., Endres, F., & Roling, B. (2012). New insights into the interface between a single-crystalline metal electrode and an extremely pure ionic liquid: slow interfacial processes and the influence of temperature on interfacial dynamics. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14(15), 5090-5099.
Conway, B. E., Tessier, D. F., & Wilkinson, D. P. (1989). Temperature dependence of the Tafel slope and electrochemical barrier symmetry factor, β, in electrode kinetics. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 136(9), 2486.
Schalkwijk, W. V., & Scrosati, B. (2002). Advances in lithium ion batteries introduction. In Advances in lithium-ion batteries (pp. 1-5). Springer, Boston, MA.
Li, L., & Manthiram, A. (2013). Dual-electrolyte lithium–air batteries: influence of catalyst, temperature, and solid-electrolyte conductivity on the efficiency and power density. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 1(16), 5121-5127.
L. García-Arranz and C. Armenta-Déu (2021) Performance tests to determine Driving Range in Electric Vehicles, Journal Of Mechatronics and Automation, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp.10-20
Jiquan Wang, Igo Besselink, Henk Nijmeijer, “Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Modeling and Predicted Based on Road Information,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, May 2015.
Phan Anh Tuan, Vu Duy Quang, “Estimation of car air resistance by CFD method,” Vietnam Journal of Mechanics, p. 235 – 244, July 2014.
Automobile Propre, “Fiche technique Peugeot e-208 électrique,” 2019. https://www.automobile-propre.com/voitures/peugeot-e-208-electrique/fiche-technique/. [Accessed 25 Avril 2022].
Google Earth Pro. https://www.google.com/earth/versions/
C. Armenta-Déu, J.P. Carriquiry and S. Guzmán (2019) Capacity correction factor for Li-ion batteries; influence of the discharge rate, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 25, October 2019, 100839, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100839
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v9i2.6445
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.