Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

RADAR IMAGING THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF OCEAN WAVES CAPILLARY WAVES AND TYPES OF RADAR

sakshi tyagi

Abstract


Capillary waves caused by the wind were measured in a wave tank. The capillary waves' height, slope, and frequency composition were all measured. The wave heights (from trough to crest) were found to be between 0.06 and 8.8 mm for winds between 2.2 and 7.6 m/sec. Wind speed affects the distribution of frequencies (wavelengths), with more high frequency waves occurring at faster wind speeds. An S-shaped curve with the sharply rising part beginning at 3 m/sec may be seen when the rms value of the wave slope is plotted against the wind speed. The rms wave slope reached its greatest value in these studies at 17.5° and 7.6 m/sec.


Keywords


wave troughs, offshore spill, gravity waves, SAR and SLAR Radar, remote sensing.

Full Text:

PDF

References


M. G. Munoz, F. Monroy, P. Hernandez, F. Ortega, R. G. Rubio, and D. Langevin, “ Anomalous damping of the capillary waves at the air–water interface of a soluble triblock copolymer,” Langmuir 19, 2147–2154 (2003).

M. Safouane and D. Langevin, “ Surface viscoelasticity of concentrated salt solutions: Specific ion effects,” ChemPhysChem 10, 222–225 (2009).

W. D. Garrett, “ Damping of capillary waves at the air-sea interface by organic surface-active material,” J. Mar. Res. 25, 279–291 (1967).

I. Sergievskaya, S. Ermakov, T. Lazareva, and J. Guo, “ Damping of surface waves due to crude oil/oil emulsion films on water,” Mar. Pollut. Bull. 146, 206–214 (2019).

L. Krutyansky, A. Brysev, F. Zoueshtiagh, P. Pernod, and D. Makalkin, “ Measurements of interfacial tension coefficient using excitation of progressive capillary waves by radiation pressure of ultrasound in microgravity,” Microgravity Sci. Technol. 31, 723–732 (2019).

K. Y. Lee, T. Chou, D. S. Chung, and E. Mazur, “ Direct measurement of the spatial damping of capillary waves at liquid-vapor interfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. 97, 12876–12878 (1993).

C. H. Sohl, K. Miyano, and J. B. Ketterson, “ Novel technique for dynamic surface tension and viscosity measurements at liquid–gas interfaces,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 1464–1469 (1978).

F. Behroozi, B. Lambert, and B. Buhrow, “ Noninvasive measurement of viscosity from damping of capillary waves,” ISA Trans. 42, 3–8 (2003).

F. Behroozi, J. Smith, and W. Evan, “ Stokes' dream: Measurement of fluid viscosity from the attenuation of capillary waves,” Am. J. Phys. 78, 1165–1169 (2010).

A. Shmyrov, A. Mizev, I. Mizeva, and A. Shmyrova, “ Electrostatic precipitation of exhaled particles for tensiometric examination of pulmonary surfactant,” J. Aerosol Sci. 151, 105622 (2021).

S. D. Hoath, W.-K. Hsiao, G. D. Martin, S. Jung, S. A. Butler, N. F. Morrison, O. G. Harlen, L. S. Yang, C. D. Bain, and I. M. Hutchings, “ Oscillations of aqueous PEDOT:PSS fluid droplets and the properties of complex fluids in drop-on-demand inkjet printing,” J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 223, 28–36 (2015).

H. J. J. Staat, A. van der Bos, M. van der Berg, H. Reinten, H. Wijshoff, M. Versluis, and D. Lohse, “ Ultrafast imaging method to measure surface tension and viscosity of inkjet-printed droplets in flight,” Exp. Fluids 58, 1–8 (2017).

I. B. Ivanov, B. Radoev, E. Manev, and A. Scheludko, “ Theory of the critical thickness of rupture of thin liquid films,” Trans. Faraday Soc. 66, 1262–1273 (1970).

A. S. Ismail, J. Yao, H. H. Xia, J. M. Lopez-Herrera, and J. P. W. Stark, “ Breakup length of electrified liquid jets: Scaling laws and applications,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 064010 (2018).

H. H. Xia, A. Said Ismail, J. Yao, and J. P. W. Stark, “ Scaling laws for transition from varicose to whipping instabilities in electrohydrodynamic jetting,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 12, 014031 (2019).

R. Slavchov, V. Dutschk, G. Heinrich, and B. Radoev, “ Justification of biexponential rate law of spreading over heterogeneous and rough surface,” Colloids Surf. A 354, 252–260 (2010).

A. Shmyrov, A. Mizev, A. Shmyrova, and I. Mizeva, “ Capillary wave method: An alternative approach to wave excitation and to wave profile reconstruction,” Phys. Fluids 31, 012101 (2019).

E. J. Bock and J. Adin Mann, “ On ripple dynamics II. A corrected dispersion relation for surface waves in the presence of surface elasticity,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 129, 501–505 (1989).

K. Miyano, B. M. Abraham, L. Ting, and D. T. Wasan, “ Longitudinal surface waves for the study of dynamic properties of surfactant systems: I. Instrumentation,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 92, 297–302 (1983).

L. Ting, D. T. Wasan, K. Miyano, and S.-Q. Xu, “ Longitudinal surface waves for the study of dynamic properties of surfactant systems. II. Air-solution interface,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 102, 248–259 (1984).

N. A. Vinnichenko, A. V. Pushtaev, Y. Y. Plaksina, and A. V. Uvarov, “ Measurements of liquid surface relief with moon-glade background oriented Schlieren technique,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 114, 110051 (2020).

S. L. Strickland, M. Shearer, and K. E. Daniels, “ Spatiotemporal measurement of surfactant distribution on gravity–capillary waves,” J. Fluid Mech. 777, 523–543 (2015).

E. P. Furlani, B. G. Price, G. Hawkins, and A. G. Lopez, “ Thermally induced Marangoni instability of liquid micro-jets with application to continuous inkjet printing,” Proc. NSTI-Nanotechnol. Conf. 2, 534–537 (2006).

T. K. Barik, P. Chaudhuri, A. Roy, and S. Kar, “ Probing liquid surface waves, liquid properties and liquid films with light diffraction,” Measurement Sci. Technol. 17, 1553–1562 (2006).

F. Moisy, M. Rabaud, and K. Salsac, “ A synthetic Schlieren method for the measurement of the topography of a liquid interface,” Exp. Fluids 46, 1021–1036 (2009).




DOI: https://doi.org/10.37591/joeam.v13i2.6677

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics